The History of Schizophrenia

The History of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability, detachment from reality, and withdrawal into the self. The word â€Å"Schizophrenia† is less than 100 years old. However the disease was first identified as a discrete mental illness by Dr. Emile Kraepelin in the 1887 and the illness itself is generally believed to have accompanied mankind throughout its history. There are documents that identify Schizophrenia can be traced to the old Pharaonic Egypt, as far back as the second millennium before Christ. Depression, dementia, as well as thought disturbances that are typical in schizophrenia are described in detail in the Book of Hearts. The Heart and the mind seem to have been synonymous in ancient Egypt. The physical illnesses were regarded as symptoms of the heart and the uterus and originating from the blood vessels or from purulence, fecal matter, a poison or demons. Some recent study into the ancient Greek and Roman literature showed that although the general population probably had an awareness of psychotic disorders, there was no condition that would meet the modern diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in these societies. At one point in history, all people who were considered â€Å"abnormal,† whether due to mental illness, mental retardation, or physical deformities, were largely treated the same. Early theories supposed that mental disorders were caused by evil possession of the body, and the appropriate treatment was then exorcising these demons, through various means, ranging from innocuous treatments, such as exposing the patient to certain types of music, to dangerous and sometimes deadly means, such as releasing the evil spirits by drilling holes in the patient's skull. One of the first to classify the mental disorders into different categories was the German physician, Dr. Emile Kraepelin. He used the term â€Å"dementia praecox† for individuals who had symptoms that we now associate with schizophrenia. The nonspecific concept of madness has been around for many thousands of years and schizophrenia was only classified as a distinct mental disorder by Kraepelin in 1887. He was the first to make a distinction in the psychotic disorders between what he called dementia praecox and manic depression. Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox was primarily a disease of the brain, and particularly a form of dementia. Kraepelin named the disorder ‘dementia praecox' (early dementia) to distinguish it from other forms of dementia (such as Alzheimer's disease) which typically occur late in life. He used this term because his studies focused on young adults with dementia. The Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, coined the term, â€Å"schizophrenia† in 1911. He was also the first to describe the symptoms as â€Å"positive† or â€Å"negative. † Bleuler changed the name to schizophrenia as it was obvious that Krapelin's name was misleading as the illness was not a dementia (it did not always lead to mental deterioration) and could sometimes occur late as well as early in life. The word â€Å"schizophrenia† comes from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) to describe the fragmented thinking of people with the disorder. His term was not meant to convey the idea of split or multiple personality, a common misunderstanding by the public at large. Since Bleuler's time, the definition of schizophrenia has continued to change, as scientists attempt to more accurately delineate the different types of mental diseases. Without knowing the exact causes of these diseases, scientists can only base their classifications on the observation that some symptoms tend to occur together. Both Bleuler and Kraepelin subdivided schizophrenia into categories, based on prominent symptoms and prognoses. Over the years, those working in this field have continued to attempt to classify types of schizophrenia. Five types were delineated in the DSM-III: disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. The first three categories were originally proposed by Kraepelin. These classifications, while still employed in DSM-IV, have not shown to be helpful in predicting outcome of the disorder, and the types are not reliably diagnosed. Many researchers are using other systems to classify types of the disorder, based on the preponderance of â€Å"positive† verses â€Å"negative† symptoms, the progression of the disorder in terms of type and severity of symptoms over time, and the co-occurrence of other mental disorders and syndromes. It is hoped that differentiating types of schizophrenia based on clinical symptoms will help to determine different etiologies or causes of the disorder. The evidence that schizophrenia is a biologically-based disease of the brain has accumulated rapidly during the past two decades. Recently this evidence has been also been supported with dynamic brain imaging systems that show very precisely the wave of tissue destruction that takes place in the brain that is suffering from schizophrenia. The 1800's saw a slow progression towards an eventual schizophrenia definition. From the 1800's on, schizophrenia history begins to gain ground as researchers began to understand the nature of the disease: Although the nineteenth century saw great strides towards a schizophrenic definition, â€Å"lunatic asylums† of the time were often little more than human zoos. For a fee, well to do ladies and gentlemen could tour the asylums, viewing the patients. No doubt the psychotic behavior of schizophrenics made them popular â€Å"attractions† during these degrading tours. Schizophrenia in Recent Times The start of the twentieth century saw, for the first time in schizophrenia history, a practical schizophrenia definition and the birth of effective treatments. In 1911 Eugene Beuler first used the term schizophrenia, and his schizophrenia definition includes symptoms such as blunted emotions, disordered thoughts, and loss of awareness. Then in 1957, Kurt Schneider created the schizophrenic definition still in use today, and is the first person in the long history of schizophrenia to list the currently accepted features of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia definitely has a very significant genetic component. Those who have a third degree relative with schizophrenia are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those in the general population. Those with a second degree relative have a several-fold higher incidence of schizophrenia than the general population, and first degree relatives have an incidence of schizophrenia an order of magnitude higher than the general populace. The History of Schizophrenia Treatment in the Twentieth Century Schizophrenia history abounds in unusual treatments and bizarre â€Å"cures. † Indeed, the twentieth century stands apart from the rest of schizophrenia history because it saw the first effective schizophrenia treatment: the first antipsychotic drug was created in 1952. The twentieth century also saw some controversial schizophrenia â€Å"cures. † Portuguese doctor, Egus Moniz, developed the lobotomy in the 1930s. Moniz won a Nobel Peace prize for his work in 1949. The lobotomy procedure cut the nerve fibers from the frontal lobe to the interior of the brain, where emotions are generated. Patients were less agitated and aggressive after a lobotomy. Of course, patients were also left indifferent and with blunted emotions, but this didn't squelch the lobotomy's popularity as a schizophrenia treatment. Patients could be released from hospitals after lobotomies, saving both hospitals and family members money. Lobotomy procedures varied. American neurologist John Freeman created perhaps the most bizarre procedure. Freeman traveled America performing lobotomies for the benefit of audiences comprised of journalists and medical professionals: to call him a medical showman isn't stretching the truth much. Freeman's lobotomies were simple, quick, and medically preposterous. With the patient under anesthesia, Freeman placed an ice pick (yes, you read that correctly) into an area just above the eyeball. Using a hammer, he drove the ice pick into the patient's brain to a depth of approximately one inch. Lobotomies fell into disfavor as people noticed patients often died from lobotomy-induced epilepsy or surgical infections. Severe brain damage was also shown in many cases (not that it should have required a study to prove an ice pick to the brain caused extensive damage). Still, between the 1940s and the 1950s over 40,000 Americans were lobotomized. Shock therapy was developed at the same time lobotomies were darkening schizophrenia history. Approaches to shock therapy varied. Some doctors used insulin injections; others preferred Metrazol or electricity. Insulin often left patients in comas. Both Metrazol and electricity caused seizures, and electric shock therapy often caused memory loss. Surprisingly, electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat some cases of schizophrenia and severe depression. Current techniques are supposed to be much safer, but many medical professionals consider electroconvulsive therapy very dangerous, and something that should only be used as a last resort. Since schizophrenia may not be a single condition and its causes are not yet known, current treatment methods are based on both clinical research and experience. These approaches are chosen on the basis of their ability to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia and to lessen the chances that symptoms will return. Medications For Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic medications have been available since the mid-1950s. They have greatly improved the outlook for individual patients. These medications reduce the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Antipsychotic drugs are the best treatment now available, but they do not â€Å"cure† schizophrenia or ensure that there will be no further psychotic episodes. The choice and dosage of medication can be made only by a qualified physician who is well trained in the medical treatment of mental disorders. The dosage of medication is individualized for each patient, since people may vary a great deal in the amount of drug needed to reduce symptoms without producing troublesome side effects. The large majority of people with schizophrenia show substantial improvement when treated with antipsychotic drugs. Some patients, however, are not helped very much by the medications and a few do not seem to need them. No frames is difficult to predict which patients will fall into these two groups and to distinguish them from the large majority of patients who do benefit from treatment with antipsychotic drugs. A number of new ntipsychotic drugs (the so-called â€Å"atypical antipsychotics†) have been introduced since 1990. The first of these, clozapine (Clozaril), has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects – in particular, a condition called agranulocytosis (loss of the white blood cells that fight infection) â€⠀ requires that patients be monitored with blood tests every one or two weeks. Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone (Risperdal) and olanzapine (Zyprexa), are safer than the older drugs or clozapine, and they also may be better tolerated. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Several additional antipsychotics are currently under development. Antipsychotic drugs are often very effective in treating certain symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations and delusions; unfortunately, the drugs may not be as helpful with other symptoms, such as reduced motivation and emotional expressiveness. Indeed, the older antipsychotics (which also went by the name of â€Å"neuroleptics†), medicines like haloperidol (Haldol) or chlorpromazine (Thorazine), may even produce side effects that resemble the more difficult to treat symptoms. Often, lowering the dose or switching to a different medicine may reduce these side effects; the newer medicines, including olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), and risperidone (Risperdal), appear less likely to have this problem. Patients and families sometimes become worried about the antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia. In addition to concern about side effects, they may worry that such drugs could lead to addiction. However, antipsychotic medications do not produce a â€Å"high† (euphoria) or addictive behavior in people who take them. Another misconception about antipsychotic drugs is that they act as a kind of mind control, or a â€Å"chemical straitjacket. † Antipsychotic drugs used at the proper dosage does not â€Å"knock out† people or take away their free will. While these medications can be sedating, and while this effect can be useful when treatment is initiated particularly if an individual is quite agitated, the utility of the drugs is not due to sedation but to their ability to diminish the hallucinations, agitation, confusion, and delusions of a psychotic episode. Thus, antipsychotic medications should eventually help an individual with schizophrenia to deal with the world more rationally. Treatment of schizophrenia depends upon a life-long regimen of both drug and psychosocial, support therapies. While the medication helps control the psychosis associated with schizophrenia (e. g. , the delusions and hallucinations), it cannot help the person find a job, learn to be effective in social relationships, increase the individual's coping skills, and help them learn to communicate and work well with others. Poverty, homelessness, and unemployment are often associated with this disorder, but they don't have to be. If the individual finds appropriate treatment and sticks with it, a person with schizophrenia can lead a happy and successful life. But the initial recovery from the first symptoms of schizophrenia can be an extremely lonely experience. Individuals coping with the onset of schizophrenia for the first time in their lives require all the support that their families, friends, and communities can provide. ———————– 1

Human Resources Information System Essay

A Human Resources Management System (HRMS) or Human Resources Information System (HRIS), refers to the systems and processes at the intersection betweenhuman resource management (HRM) and information technology. It merges HRM as a discipline and in particular its basic HR activities and processes with the information technology field, whereas the programming of data processing systems evolved into standardized routines and packages of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. On the whole, these ERP systems have their origin on software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database. The linkage of its financial and human resource modules through one database is the most important distinction to the individually and proprietary developed predecessors, which makes this software application both rigid and flexible. There are approximately 36 vendors of HRMS software in the U. S. and Canada[1]. The function of human resources (HR) departments is generally administrative and common to all organizations. Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Efficient and effective management of â€Å"human capital† progressed to an increasingly imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data which traditionally includes personal histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments and salary. To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource management systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before the client–server architecture evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to buy or program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital. The advent of client–server, application service provider, and software as a service (SaaS) or human resource management systems enabled increasingly higher administrative control of such systems. Currently human resource management systems encompass[citation needed]: 1. Payroll 2. Time and attendance 3. Performance appraisal 4.  Benefits administration 5. HR management information system 6. Recruiting/Learning management 7. Performance record 8. Employee self-service 9. Scheduling 10. Absence management 11. Analytics The payroll module automates the pay process by gathering data on employee time and attendance, calculating various deductions and taxes, and generating periodic pay cheques and employee tax reports. Data is generally fed from the human resources and time keeping modules to calculate automatic deposit and manual cheque writing capabilities. This module can encompass all employee-related transactions as well as integrate with existing financial management systems. The time and attendance module gathers standardized time and work related efforts. The most advanced modules provide broad flexibility in data collection methods, labor distribution capabilities and data analysis features. Cost analysis and efficiency metrics are the primary functions. The benefits administration module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee participation in benefits programs. These typically encompass insurance, compensation, profit sharing and retirement. The HR management module is a component covering many other HR aspects from application to retirement. The system records basic demographic and address data, selection, training and development, capabilities and skills management, compensation planning records and other related activities. Leading edge systems provide the ability to â€Å"read† applications and enter relevant data to applicable database fields, notify employers and provide position management and position control. Human resource management function involves the recruitment, placement, evaluation, compensation and development of the employees of an organization. Initially, businesses used computer based information systems to: * produce pay checks and payroll reports; * maintain personnel records; * pursue talent management. Online recruiting has become one of the primary methods employed by HR departments to garner potential candidates for available positions within an organization. Talent management systems typically encompass: * analyzing personnel usage within an organization; identifying potential applicants; * recruiting through company-facing listings; * recruiting through online recruiting sites or publications that market to both recruiters and applicants. The significant cost incurred in maintaining an organized recruitment effort, cross-posting within and across general or industry-specific job boards and maintaining a competitive exposure of availabilities has given rise to the deve lopment of a dedicated applicant tracking system, or ‘ATS’, module. The training module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee training and development efforts. The system, normally called a â€Å"learning management system† (LMS) if a stand alone product, allows HR to track education, qualifications and skills of the employees, as well as outlining what training courses, books, CDs, web based learning or materials are available to develop which skills. Courses can then be offered in date specific sessions, with delegates and training resources being mapped and managed within the same system. Sophisticated LMS allow managers to approve training, budgets and calendars alongside performance management and appraisal metrics. The employee self-service module allows employees to query HR related data and perform some HR transactions over the system. Employees may query their attendance record from the system without asking the information from HR personnel. The module also lets supervisors approve O. T. requests from their subordinates through the system without overloading the task on HR department. Many organizations have gone beyond the traditional functions and developed human resource management information systems, which support recruitment, selection, hiring, job placement, performance appraisals, employee benefit analysis, health, safety and security, while others integrate an outsourced applicant tracking system that encompasses a subset of the above. Assigning Responsibilities Communication between the Employees. The Analytics module enables organizations to extend the value of an HRMS implementation by extracting HR related data for use with other business intelligence platforms. For example, organizations combine HR metrics with other business data to identify trends and anomalies in headcount in order to better predict the impact of employee turnover on future output.

Airplan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Airplan - Research Paper Example fer packages such as the ATA Flier Program and the ATA Travel Awards which were low cost programs which afforded travelers the chance to earn travel points which they could use to get discounts. The airline was also a big employer which had more than 2,230 people by the time of its demise (Maxon, 2008). The company has had many financial troubles since its inception. The worst came in 2006 when it filed for bankruptcy and in 2008 when it failed to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection (Lawton, 2007). There are many causes of the failure of ATA Airlines. These causes had a huge impact on the operations of ATA which led to its final demise. Below is an analysis of the causes and results of the company’s failure. There is also an overview of the possible solutions that could have saved the company from going under. The company was going through some financial difficulties when it closed down its operations. It could not finance its takeovers and neither could it sustain its existing operations. The financial crisis that hit the world did not spare ATA Airlines. The global financial crisis did a lot to make matters worse for the company. It was forced to file for bankruptcy twice: in 2006 and in 2008 (Maxon, 2008). The second time that the airline filed for bankruptcy was also the last time it was operational. Mismanagement might have led to the failure of ATA Airlines. Lack of leadership might have contributed to the fate that ATA Airlines fell to. Poor leadership may have led to the poor decisions that the Airline made. These decisions included takeovers and increasing operations even when it was clear that the company was not in a financial situation safe enough to carry out those operations (Lawton, 2007). It seems that ATA operated without having a solid operational strategy. The company sought to expand many of its flight services with little regard to the financial implications that this could have on its business (ATA Airlines). This lack of

Academic Paper Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Academic Paper Review - Essay Example es advance,markets shift,competitors increase,and some products and services become obsolete regularly therefore the succusseful businesses are those that develop new knowledge and disseminate it in the enterprise quickly to manufacture new products and technologies. Maybury et al. (2002) noted that those are the activities that define knowledge-creating company and their business is to ensure continuous innovation. The author of the article sets out to achieve success in businesses through the use of knowledge to achieve the firms goals and objectives. The application of knowledge by the successful Japanese competitors for instance,Matsushita,Kao,Canon,Sharp,NEC,and Honda have made them famous for their capabability to be flexible to market changes,quick responces to customer needs,develop new markets and products and to dominte the emerging technologies. Ichijo and Nonaka (2006) stated that the secret of succeeding in business is the unique approach in the management of creating new knowledge. The article stresses the importance of the Japanese approach that normally seem incomprehensible and odd to other businesses but are used to develop new knowledge of running successful firms. Nonaka (1991) gave an example of the slogan â€Å"Theory of Automobile Evolution† that is a design concept that led to the development of the innovative urban car ,Honda City. The purpose of the article is to explain the focus of the Japanese approach that depends entirely on tapping the tacit and subjective intuitions,hunches of the employees,insights and hence testing those insights and enabling the business to use them as whole. Shibata (2006) noted that the key to successful processes is the ability of the employees to be personally committed to their tasks,their sense of identity with the business and its operation. The author in this article is seeking to present the importance of the business managers to mobilize the workers committment to their work and exemplifying implicit

The environmental impacts of Los Angeles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The environmental impacts of Los Angeles - Essay Example The environmental impacts of Los Angeles Los Angeles is one of the most densely polluted countries of the world. Pollution has literally damaged the entire city in such a way that its impact is very obvious. Tourism is an essential part of Los Angeles economy. Los Angeles is one of those countries that are a major tourist attraction; Los Angeles has the honor of housing the home of all legendary actors that is Hollywood. From amazing shopping malls to Hollywood and an amazing blend of various restaurants, Los Angeles offers everything that a tourist wants during vacations. While travelling the quality and the atmosphere of the environment go hand in hand. The environment is made up of natural as well as manmade things which together build up the tourism in a state. The relation between tourism and environment tends to get very tangling at times. The effects of tourism are very controversial. At times they can be helpful in generating revenue for the state resulting in a fruitful economy and on the contrary it can damage and dent the citys environmental condition resulting in a disaster which can damage countries natural resources. Tourism leads to the development of the place with the construction of roads, parks, malls, resorts, restaurants, hotel, golf courses, and airports etc. which eventually build up the infrastructure of a place. "The notion of a tourism system is extremely important when we start to consider the notion of impacts.

The Origin of the Mexican Drug Cartels Weapons Is Not the US Thesis

The Origin of the Mexican Drug Cartels Weapons Is Not the US - Thesis Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 Racial Profiling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..22 Straw" Purchases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...23 Guns from China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...25 Guns from Columbia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 Accusations against the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..28 Trials for Fast and Furious Operation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 Reasons for Suspicion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.36 Surprise Night Shootouts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦38 US and Mexico Border relationship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 Immigration Patterns in Mexico†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.41 Mexico and Central America Border†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦43 Contributions of Cold war to The Spread of firearms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...44 Bloody Murders by the Los Zetas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.45 Strategies by Mexican Presidents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..46 US Congress Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦48 Sources of Military Grenade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..49 US... The special focus of this study is to measure the intensity or the contribution of other countries apart from the United States. Through studies, any country that is found to have participated in the exchange of fire either arms directly or indirectly, confirms the claims and the validity of our conclusive remarks. For example, if we discover that Israel through any military operation passed on the ownership of a certain amount of military fire arms to their Mexican counterparts, whether it was directly or indirectly, we will conclude that indeed, the sources of the weapons supplied to the Mexican Drug Cartel are other countries, not the US. On the contrary, if our study fails to establish any other reasonable source, then our thesis statement automatically fails the test. Of course, from the inherent view of the matter, the Direct Commercial Sales was an open and legitimate agreement between USA and Mexico. The qualifier question for all the hypothetical notions is whether the USA i nitiated any other process beyond the Direct Commercial Sales that could probably have raised ethical and legal issues. Background The topic arises from controversial blames of the United States government for being the leading force behind the supply of firearms to the Drug Cartels in the Mexican territories. The magnitude of the supply of weapons to the drug cartels in Mexico is felt in the operation of notorious gang groupings in the Mexican drug areas. A serious example is the Los Zetas, which are popularly known to possess high quality military firearms. USA it attempt to clear its position in the list has however pointed out a number of times that its participation in the deal was a legitimate process.

Need for new models in the public safety leadership Research Paper - 1

Need for new models in the public safety leadership - Research Paper Example The new systems that have been put in place are merely a decade or two old and do leave much to be desired (Purpura, 2007, p. 102). The insufficiency and failure on the part of public safety organizations do gives way to much public outcry and solicit ample political attention. A lack of coordination and synergy between the Federal, State and local response systems further complicates the problem. The public safety organizations are constantly under pressure to envisage and promulgate the training standards that are designed on pragmatic and national standards (Purpura, 2007, p. 195). Besides in the sphere of public safety, the new systems need to take into consideration the available technologies and IT inputs. At the same time the need to upgrade the existing systems is pressing and inevitable. It is a known fact that the citizens today whom the public safety organizations are required to serve have access to varied communication technologies and tend to communicate with a wide arr ay of possibilities be they the wireless or mobile networks or the internet. Such daunting challenges and issues bring into question the vision behind the conventional leadership models supporting the public safety organizations. After 9/11, no further facts are needed to corroborate the truth that the existing leadership models in the public safety organizations leave much to be desired. The modern public safety organizations are desperately in need of the more up to date and complex models of leadership. There is no denying the fact that the challenges and issues that the public safety organizations have to put up with in the current times tend to be quiet unconventional and demanding. Though all forms of organized human endeavor requires the apt leadership models, still public safety is an aspect of human social organization that simply cannot do without an effective and

Chronicle of the Council Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chronicle of the Council - Term Paper Example In addition, the precursors to activism intended to redeem the image of God’s church and teachings are examined in this study. It is imperative to note that, this study is confined to specific period attributed to the occurrence of the event. The vivid picture given out by Pope Urban II on the situation brings out the true inspiration of a person who loves his country and its environs. The Chronicles of the Council of Clermont dates back the year 1095 when Catholic faith was most respected. It formed the basis of unity and harmony. A people that fears God and is deeds characterizes this period. This nation believes an alienated tribe from the Persians society should not mix with God’s clean people. The speech is culturally upright because it upholds the key principles of a united nation that can only come together when intruded. It is evident from the speech that the alienated tribe had no cultural principles that guided their moral conduct. This is seen when the aliena ted tribe is reportedly raping women. However, the cultural beliefs of the Greek nation depict its people as mature and respectable to human rights and dignity. The narrator depicts the natives as blessed by God and believes in the word of God, and this makes their culture to revolve in the Biblical teachings. This is evidenced by the numerous verse quoted and referred from the Bible by the narrator Pope Urban II. A remark by Pope in the speech, that the ancestor’s deeds inspire the natives to rise up and achieve the concerted war indicates a cultural inclination towards the invincible powers of the ancestors; particularly those lived up to good things when alive. For instance, the reference made to King Charles the Great and Louis is son. These two men represented the strength and attributed success for their nation. The speech examines an alienated tribe fro m the Persian community that as forcefully invaded the native’s land and nation with the aim of performing ala rming and shameful acts which are against the human rights. For instance, the alienated tribe extends acts of rape and killing to the native people. This sends a wake up call to both the religion and political leaders who raises their voices high in a bid to condemn the intruders. It is evidenced by the speech that the alienated tribe invaded the Christians land and began to depopulate them through massive killings in form of sword, fire and pillage. In addition, the enemy tribe succeeds to take way the natives as captives. More devastating is the alienated tribe that has continually destroyed God’s church, defiles altars and initiates their ungodly rites and religion. Pope Urban II in his speech expresses fear of loosing considerable number of the Christians through circumcision and base death where navels were perforated and the extremity of intestines dragged out. Indeed this marked the climax of inhumane. Similar acts of torture prompted Pope Urban to encourage the native s in the strongest terms possible to redeem themselves form the bondage of the alienated tribe. It is imperative to note that, Urban’s speech intended to send a strong signal to the minds of the natives that, time for liberation was ripe and it is all systems go to redeem tier nation from the yoke of an alienated tribe. Urban, keeps reminding them that God remained firm on His promises upon them, however, the sole responsibility of

Computer Project # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Project # 2 - Essay Example Therefore, by utilizing the minimal value of increment constant of 100 millimeters, calculate the maximum value of the force X utilize in this problem and subsequently, find the value of W in this problem. Therefore, to be able to obtain the correct form of a diagram representing the problem above, let us first assume that the force applied to move the rod is approximately X , while the Therefore by using a simple diagram to represent the problem above, a diagram like the one drawn below is thus obtained ; The diagram of the rod is drawn using the FBD application or the drawing can also be done by utilizing the free hand drawing method. The diagram shows all the force X, the value W this includes all the details explained in the problem equations and the values described are also included where appropriate in the drawn diagram. The diagram is as shown below; Based on the diagram above, the point A is shown to be 100 millimeters away from the point B. while also the point B is further assumed to be of at the same point as point D. Thus the point B is considered to be a fixed point and also the point D is considered to be a fixed point in this static problem and is therefore regarded as the pivot point. Where as the distance from the point D to the point where the external force is applied at point P is about 400 millimeters away from the fixed point B and also point D. Therefore to be competent of calculating the problem above, the required calculation procedures must be employed as necessary. These calculations procedures are furthermore included in the results in order to be utilized in the determination of the solution through utilization of the computer software programs. The main equations used are shown with inclusion of brief explanations. The initial X stands for the force applied when moving the rod from

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay The religious group is chose was Jehovah’s Witnesses. I did some online research and also asked my children’s Foster Mother, Regina Metzger the questions. I wanted to see what the differences of what I found online and what she said the beliefs were. So this is a mixture of what I got from my online sources and what she said. Jehovah’s Witnesses differ from other religious groups because they believe that their entire bible is the inspired word of god, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold to their bible as the standard for all their beliefs. Based on their bible, they believe that Jesus Christ is son of god, the first of god’s creations, that he had a pre-human existence and that his life was transformed from heaven to the womb of a virgin. They believe that god’s kingdom is the only hope for mankind. They are many different nationalities. They have no prejudices against any race or color. Their worship is through prayer, meetings and telling others about their bible. They believe that their bible is the inspired word of God, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold their bible as the standard. The experience of the Jehovah’s Witnesses that other religious groups do not share is that they are viewed with moral standards that coincide with their bible. They are law abiding citizens that respect authority. They show, what they believe is, genuine Christian love to their neighbors. For example, let’s say there are two girls. One of which is a Jehovah Witness and one that is not. They both were asked to spit on the American Flag. In this situation, the Jehovah’s Witness won’t and the other would. One might ask â€Å"Why don’t you spit on the flag even though you don’t solute it? The answer from the Johana’s Witness would be simply, â€Å"I don’t pledge my allegiance to the flag, but I wouldn’t disrespect it either. † They are neutral. Jehovah’s Witnesses contribute to the American Culture because they feel they are the advocates of their God’s kingdom. They are not of the political, economic, or social system of any nation of the old world. They did have their modern day start in the United States. They do pay taxes, which means they work regular jobs just like any other person. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not interfere with what others do about sharing in patriotic ceremonies. Like, sharing in the armed forces and joining a political party or even voting. They worship their god only. They believe that if Christians under one nation go to war against another nation they would be fighting against fellow believers. They believe that fighting against the same people who prayed for help to the same god is wrong. That is why they won’t go to war and will serve time in jail or prison to avoid killing their Christian brothers and sisters. However they are not afraid to die for their faith. If they are threatened with death or to renounce their faith, they will die for what they believe in. I know that before my children went into foster care I had limited information on what Jehovah’s Witnesses were all about. I was under the impression that they only went house to house on Saturdays knocking on doors. I thought they were annoying. Feeling like everywhere I went I was approached by one saying that they are the only true word of God, when I thought my god was. I learned quickly that everyone has a different idea of what their God was. Jehovah’s witnesses have been known to not celebrate holidays like birthdays, Christmas, or thanksgiving. I would use their religion as a type of threat toward my children saying â€Å"If you don’t knock it off we will become Jehovah’s Witness and then you won’t get presents during birthdays or holidays. † Since, my children are in a home with this as the main religion and belief system, I feel like I should apologize to them because I must have sounded like a bigot. I think that the discrimination and stereotyping that Jehovah’s Witnesses experience comes from a lack of understanding by anyone of a different belief. I think that what I have learned about this religious group did help me nderstand it. It helped me to realize that Jehovah’s Witnesses, like any other religion, just want to show everyone that what they believe is not bad. They want to show what their religion means. They want the same as others do, the belief that you can be saved by a god. The racial/ethnic group that I chose is the Pacific Islanders. I chose this group because I don’t know nothing about it. I think getting information on this group will be extremely interesting. Pacific Islanders are from many different places. American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Mariana Islands, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and the Independent State of Western Samoa. (http://www. pica-org. org/websurf/websurf. html). In 2011 there were approximately 1,371,564 Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders who live within the United States. They significantly reside in California, Washington, Utah, Texas, New York, Texas, and Florida. They make up about . % of the U. S. Population (http://minorityhealth. hhs. gov/templates/browse. aspx? lvl=2lvlID=71) On May 29, 2013 President Obama spoke about AAPI (Asian-American and Pacific Islander) Heritage Month. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/aapi/blog) I thought that was very interesting. He talked about his Pacific Islander ethnic background. He said: â€Å"We value these voices because from the very beginning, ours has been a nation of immigrants; a nation challenged and shaped and push ever forward by diverse perspectives and fresh thinking. And in order to keep our edge and stay ahead in the global race, we need to figure out a way to fix our broken immigration system-to welcome that infusion of newness, while still maintaining the enduring strength of our laws. And the service and the leadership of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have proved that point in time and again. † Listening to him give a speech about the greatness of Pacific Islanders made me appreciate that ethnic group even more. Pacific Islanders speak over 100 different languages and come from more than 56 ethnic groups. (http://www. cdc. ov/features/aapiheritagemonth/). They are parts of many different religions. Like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Growing up in my church there were many Pacific Islanders members of our church. I can remember many of them having big families with many children. The Pacific Islanders do many things to contribute to American Culture. They contribute by working jobs. 7. 4 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are employed in the United States. They make up 5. 3% of the total workforce in the United States. About 300,000 workers are Pacific Islanders. (http://www. cepr. net/index. hp/publications/reports/diversity-and-change July 2011, Hye Jin Rho, John Schmitt, Nicole Woo, Lucia Lin and Kent Wong) Like many other cultures, they bring their delicious foods. They have a multitude of food from different countries. They bring that all to the table here in the United States. Although some of them have changed their diets to a more of an American way of eating, some still eat the foods of their lands. Throughout history, there has been many instances of racism and sexism toward Pacific Islanders in the United States Pacific Islanders continue to face oppression, racism, and discrimination in the United States. Since Pacific Islanders have a higher rate of diabetes they were charged higher rates for health insurance. The Affordable Care Act Will be a very good change for Pacific Islanders. They are known to suffer from higher rates of all types of circular diseases like, stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. They also have the highest rates of obesity. The Affordable Care Act will change it so that it will be easier to get health care for them. Some states have had an English-only type of initiative. They seem to be for people who only speak English. I had no idea they were even allowed by law. It seems as though that people find ways to discriminate even with the laws that have been put in place. Just because some people cannot speak any other language, besides English. For them everything needs to be in English and no other language. About a century before, European-Americans did not allow people who didn’t speak English to learn English because they were afraid that they would become a minority. They were afraid of being â€Å"out-smarted† by others. They didn’t want to have to compete for fear of losing. I don’t believe this is fair. That is why I am glad there are some many laws coming into effect as well as more to come to make this country an even better place. (http://aspe. hhs. gov/health/reports/2012/ACAAsianAmericansPacificIslanders/rb. shtml) Most European Americans have discriminated against Pacific Islanders because they didn’t know English. The European Americans were afraid that if the Pacific Islanders learned English they would exceed them in many ways. They would become the minority. Many of the European Americans were believed to be threatened by this. I think I now have a better understanding of what it is like to be a Pacific Islander. The discrimination they have faced has seemed to make them a stronger people. I am happy to have them as part of my country. In conclusion, both Jehovah’s Witnesses and The Pacific Islander, people have experienced a discrimination that seems to have happened because of people who do not understand what they go through daily. They both seem to succeed in their lives because of the discrimination they have experienced. The Jehovah’s Witnesses hold up to their beliefs like the Pacific Islanders stand strong with their ethnic background. They are different because one is a religion and one is an ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who have the same customs or origin. A religion is a belief in a god or a group of gods. I think that both the Pacific Islanders and the Jehovah’s Witnesses get discriminated against because of a lack of understanding.

Techniques for Evaluation of Evidences in Forensic Casework

Techniques for Evaluation of Evidences in Forensic Casework Modern Techniques Used For the Evaluation of Evidences Collected In Forensic Casework: A Review Abstract In the modern era, many technological developments have been made in the field of science as well as forensic science which stand powerful and strong to overcome the issues involved in forensic casework. In this review, three emerging techniques have been discussed that proved helpful for the forensic analysis. One of them is Stereo lithography which is being used for prototyping purposes which involves fabrication of three dimensional structures (3D modeling) for this purpose some complex mathematical measurements, biological and chemical informational data is required. At the second number, Ambient mass spectrometry (ambient MS) comes which is also a very emerging and powerful method for the identification of explosives materials even at the nanogram levels, for the analysis of pharmaceutical products (e.g. tablets), authentication of ink and document, identification of biological fluids such as urine and blood plasma and also for the testing of metabolites present in breathâ€℠¢s air. Third most widely used technology for glass fragments analysis is Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), even for the trace evidence collected from the criminal site. Keywords: Forensic casework, Prototyping, 3D modeling, Ambient MS, metabolites. Introduction These three powerful techniques are mentioned below: Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): Glass elements represent a very valuable class of evidence, even in trace amount. Many other materials that present in trace amount, they are simply moved from victim to defendant and ignored very simply by the accused. While in case of broken glass particles, even minor particles can be proved very helpful to find important ways of solving the hurdle like the direction and speed of the bullets and their impact on the glass that is being analyzed(1). LA-ICP-MS is a very sensitive machine that converts the glass materials into very small size, even up to their atomic size.(2) After that the matching is done of the sample that collected from the crime site. Then the similarities are checked and make the statement about the accused person, on the basis of the evaluation of evidence, collected from a crime site. LA-ICP-MS has another application of detection of non-metals and metals, even they are traces at very min or quantity(3). Stereo lithography: Rapid Prototyping technique that uses a laser beam to develop a sharp image of layer by solidifying or hardening of the photopolymer material(4). It develops images and specific 3D models by combining with Computer Aided Designing (CAD) that includes 3D confirmation point exchanging. In this way it helps to create images.(5) (6) For the analysis of different evidences, different operational 3D models are available. One of them is prototyping that is a very popular and accurate model for the manufacturing of images at high levels(7). CAD plans combine with this machine to generate 3D models in layer by layer sequence.(5, 8) Laser sintering and many other imaging processes are available like stereo lithography which involves the flow or movement of photopolymers like a jet in an inkjet apparatus.(9, 10) Ambient mass spectrometry: Ambient MS technology has been under considerations in this study, as it is the very rapidly emerging method for the identification of surface directly regardless any treatment before analyzing(11). This technology is very speedy and gives accurate results and facilitates as it involves no purification and removal of sample for the surface analysis. At Crime site many evidences present and different identification analysis are being done to study the toxicology and chemical residue concentrations. For this purpose desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)(12, 13),direct analysis in real time (DART)(14), plasma assisted desorption ionization (PADI)(15)and extractive electrospray surface ionization (EESI)(16), techniques play their important part. Working Principle of Technologies: LA-ICP-MS: This process is carried out by ICP-MS machine which involves three steps procedure(17), firstly the sample introduction mechanism in which the sample is being installed to the apparatus, and then the generated ions transfer into plasma and interface tube and last step involves the detection by using mass spectrometer detector.(17)MS was firstly built for the liquid sample analysis but now this technology is being used for gaseous as well as solid materials. A decade ago, solution nebulization (SN) mechanism was being used,(2, 3, 18) often for the introduction of sample into the MS machine for forensic analysis but it involved very lengthy and time consuming protocol , so to overcome this issue now a days ,sample introduction is being done by laser ablation (LA)(19-22). To generate ions of the sample, laser beam is used that focused on the analyzing sample .After that generated ions or ablated elements are further passed out to the next chamber, termed as plasma and MS interface region, digestion and ionization processes are being carried out for the sample in it. At the third stage for the isotopic and elemental examination, the generated ions by second chamber are transferred to the mass spectrometer detector. Then MS detector collects the ions and separates them on the basis of their charge to mass ratio and builds an analysis on that base identification of the unknown samples is done. Accordingly, solution nebulization (SN) requires high amount of sample to being analyzed even in milligrams (23-27), while some micrograms of the sample in quantity are just enough for laser ablation (LA) method. The main advantage of using laser ablation (LA) is no risk of contamination and loss of sample. Through a study, it is confirmed that laser ablation required only minimum 0.9 ÃŽ ¼g mass of sample for forensic glass analysis, while for SN system this amount range exceeded up to 500 ÃŽ ¼g to 2000 ÃŽ ¼g. Stereo lithography: Exposure of specific lengths of radioactive rays to the liquid polymer can converted it into the solid phase very quickly in this replication based process.(28) Ultra violet (UV) of very intensity is being fallen on the liquid layer of the photopolymer. By the UV light focusing onto the sample, some chemical changes occur that converts the liquid sample into the solid phase. This process involves the drawing of layers with the use of UV light onto the liquid sample surface(29). The conversion of liquid phase into solid phase is due to polymerization of the sample by UV light. This technique completes its process with the combination of different computer soft wares like CAD and CAE. Different types of liquid photopolymers are currently available that are being utilized for stereo lithography.(5) Many polymers are very strong, can resist in high temperature condition and low moisture situations. Oxygen inhibition is the big short coming that is being faced in prototyping technique by acrylates which are cured by UV rays. With the use of cationic and polymerization,(30) the hybrids are become able to test different types of liquid samples and this test involves the use of UV light. FDA gave approval to use some materials for these purposes are epoxy based material, rubbers and silicon like materials etc. Many other materials like nylon, polycarbonate, ABS and some type of resins are available in the market that can be used in the stereo lithography apparatus. In 1988, this system was developed for the forensic analysis. Ambient mass spectrometry: Cooks and co-researchers developed an ambient desorption method that involves desorption and ionization of sample collected from crime site, with the help of electrospray machine. For the identification of biological samples(31, 32), environmental study(33) and to check the pharmaceuticals products validity(34), in the field of forensics very modified techniques are settled that show accurate results, one of them is DESI as shown in Figure 1.(a)(35-37). For the chemical residues analysis as well as drugs of accused, a new approach was developed alongside the DESI termed as DART by Cody and his partners, although DESI is a very sensitive and accurate method(38). Ionization of particles is done by the ejection of nitrogen and helium light onto the surface in DART method as shown in Figure 1. (b). McCoustra developed a new emerging method that ionizes the material with the use of plasma source, termed as PADI as shown in Figure 1. (c). Zenobi, a scientist settled an instrument known as EESI to ionize the materials or particles with the use of directly inserted gal with full speed into the electro spray region of the mass spectrometry apparatus, in which the desorption of particles is done by the continuous flow of gas and this method helps to analyze the liquids and other solutions(39).   Ã‚   (a) (b) (c) Figure1. Schematics of source: (a) DESI (b) DART (c) PADI Applications in Forensics Forensic glass Analysis: Recently, FBI and other forensics groups have been involved in the usage of LA-ICP-MS as it has major application of analysis of broken glass, collected from a crime site, although this technology requires very big amount to run. Stereo lithography: It has current issues related applications like to study the anatomy of the body shape, it’s very useful in surgeries development (e.g. orthopedic) (5).For the development of prosthetic devices , stereo lithography’s use have been increased quite prominently . MRI data analysis and identification of bone injury produced by trauma have been carried out in recent time by this method. Identification of metabolites from breath: As the breath includes so many types of metabolites through which a lot of information about an accused can be generated. Metabolites can give information about meals and recently use of drug or alcohol by the suspect and it can also recognize the biomarkers(40). Ink analysis and document verification: The identification of inks used in writing of the documents or any other confidential report can prove the authenticity of the document in the law court. Ingredients of ink like organic solvents are separated using liquid chromatography and then further analyzed by mass spectrometry(34, 41). Conclusion In this article, we review the possible potential of different forensic analysis techniques for the evaluation of evidences, collected from criminal site. LA technique shows powerful potential for forensic glass analysis(42). DESI clearly illustrates the identification of biological samples, environmental study and to check the pharmaceuticals products validity(34). Stereo lithographic techniques are more precisely and accurately used for MRI data analysis(5). These emerging techniques will also play their key role to solve the issues related to forensic casework. . References 1.Suzuki Y, Sugita R, Suzuki S, MARUMO Y. Forensic Discrimination of Bottle Glass by Refractive Index Measurement and Analysis of Trace Elements with ICP-MS. Analytical sciences. 2000;16(11):1195-8. 2.Rodriguez-Celis E, Gornushkin I, Heitmann U, Almirall J, Smith B, Winefordner J, et al. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy as a tool for discrimination of glass for forensic applications. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2008;391(5):1961-8. 3.Castro W, Trejos T, Naes B, Almirall JR. Comparison of high-resolution and dynamic reaction cell ICP-MS capabilities for forensic analysis of iron in glass. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2008;392(4):663-72. 4.Joe Lopes A, MacDonald E, Wicker RB. Integrating stereolithography and direct print technologies for 3D structural electronics fabrication. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2012;18(2):129-43. 5.Puri PM, Khajuria H, Nayak BP, Badiye A. Stereolithography: Potential Applications in Forensic Science. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences ___________________________________________ ISSN. 2012;2278:9472. 6.Vanezis P, Vanezis M, McCombe G, Niblett T. Facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. Forensic science international. 2000;108(2):81-95. 7.Ito Y, Nakahashi K. Direct surface triangulation using stereolithography data. AIAA journal. 2002;40(3):490-6. 8.Logan Jr E. Handbook of turbomachinery: CRC Press; 2003. 9.Nizam A, Gopal R, Naing L, Hakim A, Samsudin A. Dimensional accuracy of the skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus. Orofacial Sciences. 2006;1:60-6. 10.Kang H-W, Park JH, Cho D-W. A pixel based solidification model for projection based stereolithography technology. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2012;178:223-9. 11.Author A. Ambient mass spectrometry. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2010. 12.Takats Z, Wiseman JM, Gologan B, Cooks RG. Mass spectrometry sampling under ambient conditions with desorption electrospray ionization. Science. 2004;306(5695):471-3. 13.Cooks RG, Ouyang Z, Takats Z, Wiseman JM. Ambient mass spectrometry. Science. 2006;311(5767):1566-70. 14.Cody RB, Laramà ©e JA, Durst HD. Versatile new ion source for the analysis of materials in open air under ambient conditions. Analytical Chemistry. 2005;77(8):2297-302. 15.Ratcliffe LV, Rutten FJ, Barrett DA, Whitmore T, Seymour D, Greenwood C, et al. Surface analysis under ambient conditions using plasma-assisted desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry. 2007;79(16):6094-101. 16.Chen H, Sun Y, Wortmann A, Gu H, Zenobi R. Differentiation of maturity and quality of fruit using noninvasive extractive electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry. 2007;79(4):1447-55. 17.Allen T, Scranage J. The transfer of glass—part 1: Transfer of glass to individuals at different distances. Forensic science international. 1998;93(2):167-74. 18.Trejos T, Almirall JR. Effect of fractionation on the forensic elemental analysis of glass using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry. 2004;76(5):1236-42. 19.Mokgalaka N, Gardeaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Torresdey J. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: principles and applications. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews. 2006;41(2):131-50. 20.Watling R, Lynch B, Herring D. Use of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometryfor Fingerprinting Scene of Crime Evidence. J Anal At Spectrom. 1997;12(2):195-203. 21.Schmidt T, Surmann J, Stephanowitz H, Hoffmann E. Identification of pharmaceutical glasses by laser ablation ICP-MS. Die Pharmazie. 2001;56(11):852-6. 22.Trejos T, Montero S, Almirall JR. Analysis and comparison of glass fragments by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and ICP-MS. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2003;376(8):1255-64. 23.Becker JS, Dietze H-J, McLean JA, Montaser A. Ultratrace and isotope analysis of long-lived radionuclides by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer. Analytical chemistry. 1999;71(15):3077-84. 24.Sharp BL. Pneumatic nebulisers and spray chambers for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. A review. Part 2. Spray chambers. J Anal At Spectrom. 1988;3(7):939-63. 25.Kahen K, Jorabchi K, Gray C, Montaser A. Spatial mapping of droplet velocity and size for direct and indirect nebulization in plasma spectrometry. Analytical chemistry. 2004;76(24):7194-201. 26.Mora J, Maestre S, Hernandis V, TodolÄ ± JL. Liquid-sample introduction in plasma spectrometry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2003;22(3):123-32. 27.Trujillo IS, Alonso EV, de Torres AG, Pavà ³n JMC. Development of a solid phase extraction method for the multielement determination of trace metals in natural waters including sea-water by FI-ICP-MS. Microchemical Journal. 2012;101:87-94. 28.Gauvin R, Chen Y-C, Lee JW, Soman P, Zorlutuna P, Nichol JW, et al. Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography. Biomaterials. 2012;33(15):3824-34. 29.Zheng X, Deotte J, Alonso MP, Farquar GR, Weisgraber TH, Gemberling S, et al. Design and optimization of a light-emitting diode projection micro-stereolithography three-dimensional manufacturing system. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2012;83(12):125001. 30.Chin Ang K, Fai Leong K, Kai Chua C, Chandrasekaran M. Investigation of the mechanical properties and porosity relationships in fused deposition modelling-fabricated porous structures. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2006;12(2):100-5. 31.Manicke NE, Wiseman JM, Ifa DR, Cooks RG. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of phospholipids and sphingolipids: ionization, adduct formation, and fragmentation. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2008;19(4):531-43. 32.Shin Y-S, Drolet B, Mayer R, Dolence K, Basile F. Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of proteins. Analytical chemistry. 2007;79(9):3514-8. 33.Chen H, Li M, Zhang Y-P, Yang X, Lian J-J, Chen J-M. Rapid analysis of SVOC in aerosols by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2008;19(3):450-4. 34.Green F, Salter T, Stokes P, Gilmore I, OConnor G. Ambient mass spectrometry: advances and applications in forensics. Surface and Interface Analysis. 2010;42(5):347-57. 35.Cotte-Rodrà ­guez I, Takà ¡ts Z, Talaty N, Chen H, Cooks RG. Desorption electrospray ionization of explosives on surfaces: sensitivity and selectivity enhancement by reactive desorption electrospray ionization. Analytical chemistry. 2005;77(21):6755-64. 36.Justes DR, Talaty N, Cotte-Rodriguez I, Cooks RG. Detection of explosives on skin using ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Commun. 2007(21):2142-4. 37.Cotte-Rodriguez I, Hernandez-Soto H, Chen H, Cooks RG. In situ trace detection of peroxide explosives by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Analytical chemistry. 2008;80(5):1512-9. 38.Gross JH. Ambient mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry: Springer; 2011. p. 621-49. 39.Takats Z, Wiseman JM, Cooks RG. Ambient mass spectrometry using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI): instrumentation, mechanisms and applications in forensics, chemistry, and biology. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2005;40(10):1261-75. 40.Zhu L, Gamez G, Chen HW, Huang HX, Chingin K, Zenobi R. Realà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ time, onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ line monitoring of organic chemical reactions using extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2008;22(19):2993-8. 41.Ifa D, Gumaelius L, Eberlin L, Manicke N, Cooks R. Forensic analysis of inks by imaging desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry. Analyst. 2007;132(5):461-7. 42.Dodds AJ, Pollock EM, Land DP. Forensic Glass Analysis by LA-ICP-MS: Assessing the Feasibility of Correlating Windshield Composition and Supplier. 2010.

Miss Maudie & Aunt Alex Essay -- English Literature Essays

Miss Maudie & Aunt Alex The Maycomb ladies provide an excellent example of racial prejudice, and a failure to see what it is like in someone else’s skin. They believe they are doing well by making money for missions, failing to see the hardship on their own doorsteps. Aunt Alexandra is very important to the novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ as she is a representative of these viewpoints, disapproving of Calpurnia and disassociating herself from the black community entirely. Miss Maudie however is the counterpoint to Aunt Alexandra. Maudie offers Scout a female role model, whereas Aunt Alexandra tries to make Scout more ladylike, to fit in with her position in life. Aunt Alexandra plays the greatest role in reinforcing class distinctions within the Finch family. As she believes that because the Finch family comes from a long line of landowners, who have been in the county for generations, they deserve greater respect than other people do and therefore must behave according to their status. However her prejudice alienates her from the tolerant Finches, but she fits in well with the rest of Maycomb. Aunt Alexandra has strict and traditional ideas of how society works and the role for a Southern woman within it, which she tries to enforce upon Scout at the beginning to this novel. ‘When I said I could do nothing in a dress, she said I wasn’t supposed to be doing things that required pants.’ Scout immediately takes a dislike to Aunt Alexandra when she criticises her about her overalls. Aunt Alexandra fits in well with the neighbours in Maycomb, but not with the children, as she demands different standards of behaviour from what they are used to. Aunt Alexandra does create an impact during her stay when trying to influence the children during their crucial years of growing up. Atticus is worried that he is not doing his best for his children and is torn between being courteous to his sister and raising Jem and Scout as he sees fit. ‘Your aunt has asked me to try and impress upon you and Jean Louise that you are not from run-of-the-mill people,’ ‘She asked me to tell you†¦.’ Atticus doesn’t really want to do this but realises it’s important to his sister, Jem and Scout can sense this as he keeps saying ‘She asked me to tell you†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Aunt Alexandra plays a major role in Jem and Scout’s understanding of Atticus’s teachings on racial discrimination and prejudice. S... ... in the last few chapters when Jem and Scout are attacked. Aunt Alexandra redeems herself and realises the importance of the children’s well being and not their status, she becomes a changed women in both the reader’s and Scout’s eyes. ‘Are you all right, darling?’ she asked over and over as she worked me free. The reader also sees a definite change to Auntie when she hands Scout her overalls, ‘the garments she most despised.’ She blames herself for the attack and shows care and tenderness in the final crisis. Both Miss Maudie and Aunt Alexandra are important role models to Scout and Jem at the end of this novel. Especially Aunt Alexandra as she shows the children that there is hope in Maycomb for people to alter their ways and views like she’s started to achieve in the last few chapters to this book. Jem and Scout don’t have a mother figure in their lives but Miss Maudie acts as a feminine role model, helping Atticus to guide them towards the right understanding of life. From this analysis of the two characters Miss Maudie and Aunt Alexandra, it is very clear that they both care very much for the welfare of the children although they go about showing it in very different ways.

Family Violence :: Domestic Violence Essays

Domestic abuse and child abuse have widespread social and emotional costs. Family violence affects all segments of the family. The impact of violence on childrens' lives appears to be far more substantial than the impact on adults lives(Family, Pg. 1). In most cases of family violence the family has conformed to a pattern in which the line of family violence started generations ago. This pattern must be broken before more children growup and live in a family that resorts to violence. But there are also children who live in loving families who do not resort to violence and as these children mature they start resorting to violence to help solve and deal with their problems. Studies show that physical punishment could cause aggression in children, but other studies show that even abusive parental violence does not always lead to an increase in children's aggression. Only by recognizing and addressing the multifactorial roots of violence in our society can we move closer to livi ng in peace. Violence within families often reflects behaviours learned by children from their parents. A theory is that violent behaviour is passed down from generation to generation through families (Cole & Flanagin, Pg. 2). The majority of Americans are subjected to corporal punishment at one point or another during their lifetime(Kandel, Pg. 4). Surveys suggested that almost all American parents used physical punishment at one point or another and the punishment was regared as an appropriate child rearing technique. Another survey also suggested that some psychologists belive physical punishment to be an effective and useful socialization tool(Kandel, Pg. 2). Aggression is commonly conceived as existing on a continuum, ranging from very severe parental aggression to much milder and normal parental aggression, such as use of corporal or physical punishment(Kandel, Pg. 1). A common concern is that parental use of physical punishment will lead to aggressive behaviour in children. There are three types of relationships between parents and their children, the first is a positive, linear one: some researchers have contended that any parental aggression may be positive and casually related to the development of antisocial aggression, the second group suggested that lack of physical punishment may contribute casually to the development of aggression and in the third group there was either too little or too much physical punishment that may increase the probability of aggressive behaviour in

Disabilities Act :: essays research papers

THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Introduction Barriers to employment, transportation, public accommodations, public services, and telecommunications have imposed staggering economic and social costs on American society and have undermined our well-intentioned efforts to educate, rehabilitate, and employ individuals with disabilities. By breaking down these barriers, the Americans with Disabilities Act will enable society to benefit from the skills and talents of individuals with disabilities, will allow us all to gain from their increased purchasing power and ability to use it, and will lead to fuller, more productive lives for all Americans. The Americans with Disabilities Act gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age, and religion. It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and telecommunications. Fair, swift, and effective enforcement of this landmark civil rights legislation is a high priority of the Federal Government. This booklet is designed to provide answers to some of the most often asked questions about the new law. This publication was printed with the generous support of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research EMPLOYMENT Q. What employers are covered by title I of the ADA, and when is the coverage effective? A. The title I employment provisions apply to private employers, State and local governments, employment agencies, and labor unions. Employers with 25 or more employees are covered as of July 26, 1992. Employers with 15 or more employees will be covered two years later, beginning July 26, 1994. Q. What practices and activities are covered by the employment nondiscrimination requirements? A. The ADA prohibits discrimination in all employment practices, including job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. It applies to recruitment, advertising, tenure, layoff, leave, fringe benefits, and all other employment-related activities. Q. Who is protected from employment discrimination? A. Employment discrimination is prohibited against "qualified individuals with disabilities." This includes applicants for employment and employees. An individual is considered to have a "disability" if s/he has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment. Persons discriminated against because they have a known association or relationship with an individual with a disability also are protected. The first part of the

Jeepney Racing

Most of the rules are chosen to reflect what the real-world consequences would be of each player action and decision. Abstract games cannot be completely divided from simulations and so games can be thought of as existing on a continuum of almost pure abstraction to almost pure simulation. [1] Technologies such as smart phones have always been a great entertainment and past time to man. In the beginning, cellular phones are used for communication such as making calls and messaging capabilities. As the time goes by, the innovation of cell phones added more PDA-like features and even computer like.The result was the smart phone. Mobile applications are becoming popular when it comes to features. There are many people who are into gaming on their mobile phones, because it is more portable than Personal Computers and Laptops. Mobile Applications now exist in smart phones. [2] There are lots of games genres available now in the market, and one of them is a strategy simulation game. It att empts to copy activities from real world in the form of a game for some purposes like tutorial, exercise, training, analysis or prediction.Jeep Racing is a Strategy simulation game that can be played in single or multi- player game. We will use some Metro manila landmarks for the background of the game. It will load and unload passengers in order to gain points but the player should follow the traffic rules and regulation. It will cause a deduction to the points if he commits any traffic violation. In multi-player game, the first player to finish the goal wins. Project Description According to the article of Nellie entitled Jeep: Blessing or Curse?He stated that jeep nowadays instead of being the blessing that it had been in the past 60 years, has become an archaic relic of the past, an invention that had its day, and should be encased in a museum of Philippine history. Due to lack of discipline and knowledge f and obedience to traffic rules and regulations and signs, it is the main cause of the horrible Metro Manila traffic. [4] The project introduces a game about how being discipline drivers and passengers would help each and every one of us.The player should follow all the Traffic Rules or else he/she will have a violation and deduction from his points. The player should also follow the maximum capacity of passenger. There will be a specific Jeep bay for loading and unloading of the passengers. Project Objectives: General objective To develop a strategy simulation game, multi-player and single-player for android hat foresees the possible effect of traffic when not following rules and regulation and at the same time inform the players the current traffic situation here in metro manila.Specific objective To provide information to the players about importance and meaning of traffic road signs by showing banners periodically. To inform the drivers and passenger on what are the possible effect of traffic in different situations. Target Audience The project's tar get audience will be the passengers of the Jeep and those people who owned a public and private vehicle. Our target audience will be people king 17 and above. The group decided with the age of 17 and above, because these are the people who usually use Jeep as their transportation in school, works and etc.In these ages, the group can provide the importance and meaning of traffic road. Significance of the Study Due to traffic problems in the Philippines that becoming worst everyday especially when it's rush hour, the group have decided to develop a game wherein the users would be able to identify some of the causes of traffic. The users would be able to realize how important being a discipline Filipino and how one Filipino can change meeting really big in his/her small action such as being a good follower to the traffic rules, regulations and signs.Jeep Racing was mainly created to provide information for drivers and passengers about the traffic rules and regulation. Users of this gam e will not only have fun playing but also be knowledgeable what to do in different situations when they are in the road. Scope and Limitations The game will be developed on an Android platform using Construct 2 on 2- Dimensional graphics. The game will be made to give information to the players especially to the passengers and drivers about the traffic rules and regulation.It can be played in a single player and multilayer game mode. In single player mode, the goal of the player is to get as many scores as he can by loading and unloading passenger without committing Accidents or Traffic violations. Multi-player mode will be played on two different devices, View shared and Wi-If Operational. There will be a time limit for the multi-player mode wherein each player must acquire scores by loading and unloading passengers. Committing any violations or accidents will deduct from there points.The maximum capacity of the passenger is 16 and the maximum violation is 3. The traffic rules and regulations included in our game can be seen in the appendix section. Minimum System Requirements: Processor 1 GHz Single Core Memory IAMB RAM Display size 3. 0 inches Resolution 280 Device Type Smart phone Operating System Jelly Bean Android Touchstones Capacitive, Multi-touch Conceptual Framework Review of Related Literature All the related information and games in an android platform will be discussed in this chapter.The information that the group will gather from these different games, will help us analyze each development of these games and apply it to our project. Three perspectives on strategy game design – Sorer Johnson, Brad Mir and Keith Burn are three different experts shared their knowledge about the significance in the design of strategy games, from transparency to decision-making and creating player investment and attachment. For Sorer Johnson, players of a strategy games should choose precisely and throw away their unexpected and random events, and various outc omes and breadth winning conditions.Even though there are a lot of outcomes players have, what important the most is what's on the player's mind, that they truly understand the rules and can able to think them clearly and that they agonize all their inputs and outcomes. Keith Burn was best known for phone rocklike 100 Rogues. For him, the main producer of value in strategy games is interesting decisions. His goal is to provide value quickly to players. He said that if players gave their time make sure that they won't regret spending it playing your game or they should be completely rewarded.Brad Mir wants to create a high degree of character attachment with the help of mechanics in Massive Chalice, because he was influenced by strategy games that include elements of character progression. He wanted to reduce problems to its simple essentials with 100 Rogues, but he doesn't know how to start doing it. What he did is that he started with a rocklike genre and then added tactics to the genre's kit design. He said that you can't Just add interesting decisions to a system; interesting decisions are a property of a really strong-built system.Players can be attached to the players that they're playing in strategy games and make personal stories with them. Losing their characters is a meaningful risk for them. [5] Related games Shopping Street This is a strategy game in which you will build your own mall. Every store has a capacity of customers who can shop. You can upgrade your store so many customers can shop at the same time. A customer who wants to shop in that store should wait. Relation of this game to our game is that there are also numbers of people who can enter a store. 6] Crazy Traffic Jam – This strategy simulation game comes with 3 levels of difficulty; you need to handle the traffic without committing any collisions. [7] Racing Motto This strategy game is a fast paced racing game. You never dare drive so fast in the real world. Control your Motto w ith incredible fast speed during traffic rush time! [8] Our game has the same view with this game which is the bird's eye view. We adopted the road of this game to our project.In order to win the highest score in this game, you have to achieve the longest distance without committing any accidents. In our game, you have to achieve the longest distance so you can gain points without violating any traffic rules and regulation. Temple Run This strategy game is fast paced racing games wherein you need to drive as fast as possible without committing accidents. [9] In this game you have to survive all the challenges that have been waiting for you in order to have a high score.The longer he distance that you run, the more points you gain. If the player fails to survive all the challenges, the demonic monkeys will eat him. It has the same view when the player swipe to the left or right. In our game, if the player taps the left or right button, the street or the background will change Just li ke how background of the temple run changes. Racing Cars ID A strategy racing game that will test your driving skills in difficult levels. In this game, players need to collect coins to upgrade their cars.The player should also avoid obstacles and other cars. When the player hits his car with other and wasn't able to void the obstacles, his health will be deducted. Just like in our game, if the player committed a violation, he will gain 1 x. When the player got 3 x, the game is over. In this game, the player needs to keep his car undamaged in a given time to win the game. Bench mark Description Jeep Racing Shopping Streets Sprites Jeepers, Cars, Passengers, Traffic Rules and Regulations Customers, Shops, Motor, Cars Cars Characters, Rope, Coins.Monkey Controls Tap, Swipe Tap -rap, Tilt Swipe Tap , tilt Scoring Achieve the farthest distance, load and unload the passengers on the proper loading ND unloading area Attract customers by building malls Get the farthest distance Number of C ars Successfully crossed the intersection Drive as fast as possible and get the farthest distance Acceleration Tapping the accelerator button. Holding the screen. Capacity Passengers Customers Game Mode Single Player, 2 Player Single Player Methodology This chapter tackles about how the application works.It contains game story, game play, game rationality and game assembly. Game story discusses the story from start to end of the game including the plot of the story. It contains different figures hat represent the flow of the application, visualized corrections of the game and its architecture. Gamely tackles about how the game will be played. Basically, gamely holds the actions that can be done by the player in the game to reach the objective of the game. Game rationality deals about the logic of the game which is how the game flows from the point where the application is started.Game assembly tackles about the requirements of the application and how the game responds to the user in puts. Gamely and Mechanics In single player mode, the player must acquire as many score as possible by adding and unloading passengers on the right bay without committing any violations and accidents will cause deduction on points and game over. In multi-player mode, the 2 players will play on different devices. The players will acquire points by loading and unloading passengers on a given time limit. The higher score will win the game.Pointing System Points Speed of the Jeep 1 pit per kip Loading passenger 100 points Unloading passenger Deduction Violations Unload passenger on the wrong bay. Accident/collision Game over. Software Methodology Planning phase It is the start of program development. In this phase, the group compiled and analyzed the research in related games and used the gathered information to be applied in the testing phase. The group checked for forums related to our game and listed things that we should avoid applying to our application.Analysis phase The group res earched about related game reviews. The game reviews will help the group determine significant features that can be included in the game and that will make the game better than any other. Design phase The group will focus our graphics and interface to what our target users want. The group will follow the game flow that the group has created. In the game, the group will give some trivia related to it and used Philippine based characters and plots. The group will also use Photos for the images and backgrounds.The group will code all the designs generated from the proponents of the game flow which must be followed sequentially. Implementation After our game has undergone series of tests and code refinements, we will now deploy the software into the Android smartened and tablet. We are going to upload the game on Google Play Store for primary resource. Users may download the game through the website and port it in their own gadget. Verifications will be performed o the testers to make s ure that the said features are working.Testing phase It is the part the group will initiate the beta testing where the group will play the game and test all the possible commands and inputs at the game. Any detected bugs or errors will be immediately fixed or use an error handling. Evaluation phase The group will start to initiate the alpha testing. It is where the group will release the created game to a select group of people and the players of the game will be given an evaluation form in a format of user acceptance test questionnaires. This will determine if the game will need some changes.

Case 8-13 Mohamed Salem El-Hadad, Internal Auditor

Case 8-13 Mohamed Salem El-Hadad, Internal Auditor 1. Identify and briefly describe the legal protections that â€Å"whistleblowers† have in the United States. Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 806: Whistleblower Protection â€Å"SEC. 806. PROTECTION FOR EMPLOYEES OF PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANIES WHO PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF FRAUD. † â€Å"Sec. 1514A.Civil action to protect against retaliation in fraud cases (a) WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION FOR EMPLOYEES OF PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANIES- No company with a class of securities registered under section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U. S. C. 78l), or that is required to file reports under section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U. S. C. 8o(d)), or any officer, employee, contractor, subcontractor, or agent of such company, may discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate against an employee in the terms and conditions of employment because of any lawful act done by the employeeà ¢â‚¬â€ (1) to provide information, cause information to be provided, or otherwise assist in an investigation regarding any conduct which the employee reasonably believes constitutes a violation of section 1341, 1343, 1344, or 1348, any rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders, when the information or assistance is provided to or the investigation is conducted by– (A) a Federal regulatory or law enforcement agency; (B) any Member of Congress or any committee of Congress; or (C) a person with supervisory authority over the employee (or such other person working for the employer who has the authority to investigate, discover, or terminate misconduct) (sox-online. com/act). As stated above employees are protected against any retaliation from employers concerning their job position. 2. Should U. S. companies integrate legal protections for internal whistleblowers into their internal contro l systems? Defend your answer. I think that U. S companies should integrate legal protections for internal whistleblowers into their internal control systems. Doing so will give employees the confidence to expose fraudulent and illegal activity. Otherwise an individual will not step forward with information regarding illegal matters because of the penalties they will have to pay. Some employers have the power to prevent individuals from obtaining jobs in the same field by giving bad references. 3.Suppose that during your career you discover a fraud similar to that uncovered by Mohamed Salem El-Hadad. List specific measure that you could take to protect yourself from recriminations by your employer or other parties. A few steps one could take to protect themselves from recriminations by their employer or other parties are: Document any suspicions, take pictures, record phone conversations. Keep records of all items that might cause problems in the future. 4. Did El-Hadad face an ethi cal or moral dilemma when he discovered the fraud being perpetrated by his superior and friend? Before responding, define ethical dilemma and moral dilemma.An ethical dilemma is a circumstance that a person faces concerning a decision about proper behavior. It usually involves a situation in which the wellbeing of one or more other individuals is affected by the outcome of the decision. A moral dilemma is a situation that an individual faces involving a decision about whether an act is ethical. El-Hadad faced an ethical dilemma when he discovered the fraud being committed by his superior and friend. Cites http://www. sox-online. com/act_section_806. html Knapp, M. C. (2013). Madoff Securities. In M. C. Knapp, Contemporary AuditingReal Issues And Cases Mason: South-Western. Whittington, R. (2012). Principles of Auditing & Other Assurance Services. New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin.

Suzanne Britt and Dave Barry

Thing over with so they can sit down and watch the rasslin’ on TV. Neat people operate on two Unvarying principles: Never handle any item twice, and throw everything away. She starts her thoughts by describing the mindset of a sloppy person specialty. In Britt’s view sloppy people are superior to neat people since neat people are lazy, wasteful, and mean. Lazy, mean, wasteful, and insensitive are categories to explain her contrast difference. â€Å"A precise plan, that is so stupendous, so perfect it can’t be achieved in this word or the next’ ’Britt 255. Neat people are bums and clods at heart† Britt 256. Dave Barry stated and his essay â€Å" Batting Clean-Up n Striking Out† Modern people often ask â€Å"How come when the ashes falling the Pompeii people didn’t just leave? The answer is that in Pompeii it was the custom for the men to do the homework. They never even noticed the ash until it had for most part covered the chil dren â€Å"Hey! The men said (in Latin). It’s might quiet around here! † With these three example side by side, They both â€Å"Neat People Vs.Sloppy People†, and â€Å" Batting Clean-Up n Striking Out†. Both are Lazy people but have very distinct differences. It shows the clear difference in how Britt and Barry are Incapable of being mean, unaware, and acknowledge. Dave Barry explains how Women are sensitive to things like dirt and cleaning Barry use the story of how his wife still notice dirt in the bathroom after he just clean it, and him and his wife were invited to a friend house for stimulating conversation on the night of a world Series Baseball Game.Example Barry wife ask him to clean Roberts bathroom watch I believe are there son Barry got the spray bottle of Windex and a wad of paper towels and Barry began to clean the bathroom a little while later Barry wife ask â€Å"I hate to rush you, but could you do Roberts bathroom? It’s really fi lthy†. As Barry stated when you used the word â€Å"filthy† to

Mentorship reflection Essay

This is my reflective account of my performance as a mentor in a clinical setting, assessing the learning environment and the strategies used for teaching and assessing a newly qualified theatre nurse. The purpose of this essay is to reflect upon aspects of my professional practice and development that I have encountered during my time as a student mentor. This reflective essay shall be written in the first person, In accordance with the NMC (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct, Confidentiality shall be maintained and all names have been changed to protect identity. I have been teaching students and newly qualified theatre practitioners as a registered ODP for more than 10 years and as a SODP for one year. Working with different mentors in the past, has helped me to understand the different characteristics of being a mentor and develop my own style of facilitating learning within a clinical setting. I have experience of conveying knowledge to others in a way that is comprehensible and significant through my work as a multi-skilled theatre practitioner. Whilst ODPs have a separate code of professional standards, this essentially provides a similar outline to supervision and mentorship (HPC 2008). The concept of mentoring is also part of the NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework whereby practitioners have to assist in the development of others through a variety of learning approaches and must demonstrate these through portfolio development (DH 2004). In order to be an effective role model the mentor must have high standards, must be able to demonstrate these high standards consistently, and must have good attitudes and beliefs regarding the role of their relevant profession in the wider context of healthcare (Murray & Main 2005) As this assignment is a reflection of my performance in mentoring and assessing a mentee in nursing/theatre settings ,I have chose to use Gibbs Reflective Cycle as it is clear and precise, allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience helping the reflective practitioner to make sense of experiences and examine their practice. To reflect is not enough, you then have to put into practice the learning and new understanding you have gained therefore allowing the reflective process to inform your practice. Taking action is the key; Gibbs prompts the practitioner to formulate an action plan. This enables the reflective practitioner to look at their practice and see what they would change in the future, how they would develop /improve their practice. Gibbs reflective cycle (1998). On the first day of meeting my mentee (Helen) immediately after her orientation of the department, we had a meeting to draw up her learning opportunities so that there was an awareness of what Helen hoped to gain from her new profession as a theatre nurse. As part of her learning opportunities a teaching session and assessment was arranged. The teaching session included both formal and informal assessments . Both sessions were carried out in the theatre operating room , the formal assessment involved performing a surgical hand scrub which is always done prior to any surgical procedure. Even though I am a competent practitioner, I still had a moderate level of stress and anxiety regarding fulfilling my role as a mentor. However, upon reflection I could draw on my previous experiences as a basic life support key trainer , previous teaching sessions I have delivered, and the support I have had from my sign off mentor (Teresa). My Mentor has helped me a great deal throughout my career, we have a great understanding of each other , and have built up a trusting and honest relationship over the years. For Helen this was her first experience of theatre post qualification, Helen had no theatre placements during her nurse training, so theatre is a totally new setting for her. Before any learning lesson took place, it was crucial to build an effective working relationship with Helen ,by being supportive to her and offering assistance for any needs she might have,it was also important that Helen felt that she is part of the team and that she doesn’t feel alone. Gopee (2008) categorically states that mentors should be ‘aware of their impact as role models on students’ learning of skills and professional attitudes’. Armstrong (2008) states, however, that role modelling is not just about observing practice, but also includes considered linkage between practical skills acquisition and the underpinning knowledge that relates to the skills, i.e. closing the theory-practice gap. I planned my teaching session to ensure Helen was aware of the current information and guidelines about effective surgical hand-washing. Prior to the assessment I discussed with Helen the varying techniques that colleagues use and how they may differ,however, I informed Helen I will show her how to scrub correctly in the format used by the scrub nurse team in our department. My aim was to give her more confidence and enable her to gain the necessary knowledge and  skills to carry out the procedure. I planned to use the Peyton 4 stage approach throughout the process. Peyton (1998), a general surgeon, describes an excellent and widely advocated model for teaching skills in simulated and other settings, known as the ‘four-stage approach’. See below This model may be expanded or reduced depending on the background skills of the learner. As with all teaching, the learner must be given constructive feedback and allowed time for practice of the skills. A surgical skill has both a cognitive and a psycho-motor component. In fact, in those with reasonable manual dexterity, the instructions require to teach a skill that centres on the cognitive process of combining the steps of the operation in the mind, and ensuring this combination has occurred before attempting the skill. Basic techniques from effective surgical hand washing to scrubbing for a minor procedure, may be most efficiently and effectively taught in the four stage procedure based on the work of Peyton. The learner can go from a unconscious incompetence (where they do not know the procedure), through conscious incompetence (where they realise what they do not know), to conscious competence (when they begin to understand and carry out the task to the required standard). The final phase to unconscious competence is achieved through experience until the task becomes a habit or routine (Immenroth, M, 2007). These stages allow the learner to quickly progress through the first three of the four levels of learning. It is essential during the first 3 stages of skills training that the procedure is carried out on each occasion in as close as possible to a uniform manner, without any bad practice in the demonstration of the skill, the explanation by the trainer or the description by the trainee. Similarly, in the fourth stage when the trainee both explains and carries out the procedure, any significant deviation from the pattern should be immediately corrected so that bad habits are not allowed to develop. In the event that the trainee is unable to carry out stage four, then the process should be repeated from stage two through stage three to stage four. A common mistake in teaching is to continue to oscillate between stage two to stage four, missing out on stage three which is one of the most important parts of the process, particularly when it comes to more complex procedures which will be discussed later (Grantcharov,TP, 2008). I planned to  try and build up Helen’s confidence by expressing to her that at any point of the teaching session, if she did not understand a protocol, or why things were done, or why that thing is important, I will be there to explain and guide her. The learner must be made feel that they are welcome and important; this way will assist the learner to incorporate themselves into the clinical environment (Welsh and Swan 2006). The setting of our formal and practical learning session was essential as Helen was not familiar with working in a hospital theatre based environment. Present during the procedure were myself, Helen, and my sign off mentor (Teresa).The chosen location was a unused theatre suite, it was chosen as it is a quiet area,and would minimise interruption. This setting also ensured that Helen had my full attention during the teaching session. Using Peyton;s 4 Stage approach allowed me to have a structured session in place with observation, discussion and direct questioning, so Helen is fully aware that she is being assessed at the time of questioning. I had taken into account in which manner Helen learns ,as it is important to recognize her learning style ,so that it can be incorporated into the learning material to facilitate effective learning (McNair et al 2007). Recognizing her individual learning style helps me to arrange her learning preferences. According to Kolb (1984) there are four distinct styles of learning or preferences which are based on four stages, diverging, assimilating, converging and accommodating learning styles. Being approachable and friendly, I was able to maintain a trusting and comfortable relationship beneficial to learning. Helen felt that my character was strong with a professional relationship throughout the learning experience. According to Helen and Teresa feedback, I had delivered the teaching session well,it was well structured and with a relationship hich reduced her tension and anxiety and helped her ability to learn. Personally I thought it went very well, having planned my session and using the 4 stage approach, it gave me and Helen a greater understanding of the process and also has given me more confidence for further experiences. Personal attributes of the mentor is sometimes the number one barrier when creating an effective learning experience. You need to be a good role model to be a good mentor.To be a successful mentor, it is important that you will find ways to improve the learning environment. It can be a difficult task when creating a suitable environment and can affect the  learning experience. Students can come from varying nursing backgrounds and have also had varying experience working in their chosen healthcare setting. Therefore, it is necessary to make an appropriate environment for each individual to take full advantage of the learning process (Lowenstein and Bradshaw 2004). The operating theatre can be a fantastic clinical learning environment. However, students sometimes feel that they are left to their own devices for too long and can feel like ‘a spare part’, due to not working with their mentors enough and perhaps more worryingly working in ways which were not relevant to their practice as a theatre nurse. Observations, perhaps highlight that it is not only students that need to reflect on their practice, but also mentors as learning is a lifelong process (Gopee 2008). Mentorship has been forever present in healthcare for many years. Gopee (2008) suggests that this concept has been evolving and developing since the early 1970s, but it was formally adopted by the nursing profession in the 1980s and subsequently by Operating Department Practitioners (ODPs) (CODP 2009). The philosophy of supporting junior colleagues and students has had many different titles and names since its inception: preceptor, assessor, supervisor and clinical facilitator to name but a few (Gopee 2008, Myall et al 2008, Ousey 2009). There have been many different definitions of mentors, and according to Jackson (2008) these definitions have added to the ambiguity of the role of the mentor in today’s nursing press, perhaps the most clear definition is by the Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) who state that â€Å"A mentor is a practitioner who has met the outcomes to become a qualified mentor and who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in the pra ctice setting†. Nevertheless, mentorship is now an integral part of nursing and other healthcare practitioners’ roles (Jackson 2008, Ali & Panther 2008). Indeed, Ali & Panther (2008) suggest that mentoring is an important role that every nurse and ODP has to accept at some point in their working life. Mentoring is also a part of the respective codes of professional conduct which state that â€Å"Nurses must facilitate students and others to develop their competence’s and that nurses must ‘be willing to share skills and experiences for the benefit of colleagues† (NMC 2008). Duffy (2003) suggested that there needed to be a change of emphasis for assessing and mentoring students, She argued that there was evidence of mentors  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfailing to fail’ students whose competencies were under question. This certainly defies the CODP (2009) standards for mentorship preparation and also contradicts the two separate codes of professional conduct (HPC 2008). Duffy (2003) states that â€Å"Although sometimes the reasons for failing students proves to be difficult, the consequences of not doing so are potentially disas trous†. It is imperative that nurses and ODPs understand their accountability for their assessment decisions of a student’s competence. Practitioners are accountable to their professional bodies and are also accountable for the safety of future patients. The RCN (2007) states that mentors are accountable both for their professional judgements of student performance, and also for their personal standards of practice, the standards of care delivered by their students, and the standards of teaching and assessing of the student under their supervision. A mentoring relationship is therefore a very complex and demanding role and one for which nurses and ODPs should be adequately prepared (Duffy 2003). The recommendations from the Francis report (2013) and the NHS England Constitution (2013) both emphasise the importance of strong leadership at all levels and by all disciplines of staff. Good leaders should be role models for their peers and students, they should exhibit the values expressed in both the Francis report (2013) and NHS England Constitution (2013). These are compassion, caring, respect and dignity, competence, commitment, putting patients first, ensuring we improve people’s lives and that everyone counts regardless of who they are. This is particularly important for mentors as you are guiding and shaping the practitioners of the future and we need to ensure your student takes on and displays these values. As professionals we must equip and support our students in all care environments and at all levels of organisations to really embed â€Å" Compassion in Practice†. There should be a clear relationship between strong leadership, a caring and compassionate culture and high quality care. We all have parts to play in providing strong compassionate leadership within and across teams, and across organisational boundaries. The Francis Report 6Cs (Care,Compassion, Competence, Communication, Courage,Commitment) are values for leadership, this action area is concerned with the support and empowerment of professionals, to enable them to lead change locally and motivate their teams to improve the  experience and outcomes of the people using their services. The 6Cs belong to all health and care staff from nurses, midwives and doctors to executive boards and commissioning boards. For the vision of Compassion in Practice to become a reality, every person involved in the delivery and management of the healthcare system should commit to ensuring that staff work in supportive organisational cultures. (Compassion in Practice – One year on Author NHS England/Nursing Directorate Publication Date 26 November 2013). In conclusion, it is clear that the role of the mentor is not an easy one. The task revolves around two key characteristics, namely being a good role-model and being an active facilitator of learning. It is highly complex and carries a great deal of responsibility and accountability. Indeed, mentorship formulates the new generation of healthcare professionals and therefore poor mentorship can lead only to a lack of dedicated, knowledgeable and competent practitioners of the future. Successfully teaching and nurturing a student for myself has been be a very satisfying experience. Mentoring has also helped me to keep my practice up to date and has allowed me to network with other students and their mentors. Reference List Ali PA, Panther W (2008) Professional development and the role of mentorship. Nursing Standard. 22, 42, 35-39. April 3 2008. Armstrong N 2008 Role modelling in the clinical workplace British Journal. of Midwifery 16 (9) 596-603. College of Operating Department Practitioners 2009 Standards, recommendations and guidance for mentors and practice placements London, CODP. Compassion in Practice – One year on Author NHS England/Nursing Directorate Publication Date 26 November 2013. Department of Health 2004 NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework London, HMSO Department of Health 2013 The NHS Constitution: the NHS belongs to us all (for England) 26 March London, DH. Duffy K 2003 Failing students: a qualitative study of factors that influence the decisions regarding assessment of students’ competence in practice London. Francis R QC,The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Enquiry Final Report 2013.[Online]www.midstaffspublicinquiry.com/report (Accessed April 2014). Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by Doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. London: Further Education Unit. Gopee N, 2008 Mentoring and  supervision in healthcare London, Sage Publications. Grantcharov TP, & Reznick RK: Teaching Procedural Skills: British Medical Journal 2008; 336. Health Professions Council 2008 Standards of conduct, performance and ethics London. Immenroth M, Burger T, et al: Mental Training in Surgical Education: Ann Surg 2007; 245. Jackson D, 2008 Random acts of guidance: personal reflections on professional generosity Journal. of Clinical Nursing 17 2669-70. Kolb D 1984 Experiential Learning: Experience on the source of [Learning and development London. Lowenstein, Arlene J. 2004 Bradshaw, Martha J. Fuszard’s Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing,Published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. McNair W, 2007 A vision of mentorship in practice Journal. of Perioperative Practice 17 (9) 421-30. Murray C, Main A 2005 Role modelling as a teaching method for stud ent mentors Nursing Times 101 (26) 30. NMC (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct, Confidentiality, London. Ousey K , 2009 Socialization of student nurses-the role of the mentor Learning in Health and Social Care 8 (3) 175-84. Peyton J (1998) Teaching and Learning in Medical Practice. Herts, Manticore Europe Limited. Royal College of Nursing 2007 ,Guidance for mentors of nursing students and midwives 2nd ed London. Welsh, I & Swann, C, 2002 Partners in Learning: A Guide to Support and Assessment in Nurse Education, Radcliffe Publishing.