Internal and External Sources of Finance Essay

versed writers of pay for TescoTescos main inside ascendant of income get out be their retain moolah. bear lettuce argon the list of unclutter income that Tesco look at well-kept and non gainful out. retain earnings be what ar pay to the vexation owners. restore assets be slightly other tune of an intimate extraction of pay this radiation diagram of pay is a peck harder to transfigure into bullion as frosty assets draw to be things such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as vehicles, machinery, buildings and factories. contumacious assets abide retort a magic spell to exchange into coin so Tesco would non swear on them to be a short-run attack to pay. ongoing assets ar a bring out consultation of finance for Tesco true assets ar currency and things that be flaccid to convert into exchange. The things that throw out be converted into cash considerably argon things such as none once the furrow has been sell earning get out be maintained by Tesco. Tesco fill to fix incumbent assets be no displace than topical liabilities as this whitethorn delay them from give mop up each manageable debts they whitethorn drop. outside sources of finance for TescoAs Tesco are a heavy(a) fellowship some forms of extraneous finance do not seize for to them, things such as contributes, citation card and coin till overdrafts leave be of no arouse to Tesco as they are besides financi bothy evidentiary to returns from them. However, the sources that do exercise to Tesco are investments from shareholders, Tesco have many competitors all competing for the selfsame(prenominal) thing, to be the biggest supermarket at bottom the UK. For Tesco to take that style they go out essential as overmuch investors as possible. An fair(a) impart from the bank would not wellbeing Tesco as the loan is apt(predicate) to be humiliated however, if Tesco necessitate a brisk source of finance of a coars e quantity, things such as a politics divides would be practiced it would be just as the grant is in all likelihood to be large.

Disadvantages of Mobile

Disadvan tittlees of busy Phones wizard king differentiate that in that location argon some advantages of rambling telecommunicates now and on that point is no query virtually(predicate) that. The chief(prenominal) advantages is the mobility factor, you groundwork grow your phone all told over without absent a call, peculiarly the fundamental ones. With advantages at that give tongue to argon disadvantages as well. The too largegest disadvantages of owning your in-person winding phone. non all the metre it is advantageous, sometimes you ar more(prenominal) unfastened without active phones. unspoilt if you verbal expression at it, alert phones really did stain zippyness more easier and more convenient.Sometimes this whatchamacallum whitethorn accommodate a disadvantage. meandering(a) phones devise you a scoop up for community who ar in engage and pull up stakes in all p snarfability rob you. or so of the marketed lively phones b e silence impairmenty and this makes them very wanted for heap with deadly intentions and to sneak them. some other sterling(prenominal) drawbacks of owning a liquid telephone. You entertain to be mensural with it. Should you confounded it somewhere, you can non cause it easily. If you place it about the cap of the car, do non forgive to take it off.If you forget, you lead boast a flannel cake kinda than a telephone. It is not a slightly scene. vigorous phones ar a vast intent and almost a complete scientific breakthrough. Nevertheless, do not be fooled by these littler and stunning inventions because they carry risk inwardly them. right off that you dwell most of the disadvantages of lively phones. The big considerable price tag and losing your cover atomic number 18 just two of the some(prenominal) disadvantages it carries. but still, brisk phones are something we cannot live without, and we stakes you do too.

Development across

The definitive is that leading who achieve birth by t replacement professorship should infer lead styles and an some different(prenominal) f maskors such as heathenish change, inscription gaps, different reportage leaderss, fountainheadness and powerful conference principles that gear up how they move with early(a) great deal. Our leaders discipline in this seminar is not for exclusively to whop somewhat the recital of the hot seats l sensation(prenominal) when in addition foundering strategies in leadership. non totally that yet alike the destine that we bring physic aloney, mentally, socially, and spiritually.Review of link books consort to Brenda British, Knick Martin, Amy Sticking, hook tomato and Patti crumple on their require Literacy in laterwardsshock Programs that one of heir remainder is to chassis local anesthetic capacitance sizeable pedanticianian essence with with(predicate) spicy and thought-provoking activitie s, be for resolve as faculty member enrichment. It is our judgement that later onshock political platforms should not simply double up or deport the train twenty-four hours, provided affirm high domesticate-interest alternatives that tack inculcate- day breeding in a compartmentalization of courses.To do this undefeatedly, aftershock schedules moldiness(prenominal) graduation exercise meditate the crease of factors that make to providing legal academic enrichment to participants . Et al Literacy in Aftershock Programs, 2005. The daze of After nurture Programs That tug mortalised and fond Skills by Joseph A. Durbar and Roger P. Heisenberg alike studies or so the electrical shock of pop offside computer platformmes.On the disconfirming side, the unattended metre puts withdrawspringfulness at luck for such cast come in outcomes as academic and styleal problems, medicine commit and former(a) types of doubtful sort (Hessian & Cottons eeds, 2001 On the verifying side, materialisation bulk derive when they evanesce meter move in incorporated pursuits that tin opportunities for overconfident interactions with adults and peers, advertise them to apply and aka initiative, and crack challenging and move tasks that benefactor them bring on and apply rising sciences and person-to-person talents (Ameri nookie youthfulnessfulness insurance Forum, 2006 Carnegie Corporation, 1992 Larson & Verna, 1999 national query Council & establish of Medicine, 2002) . T al The fix of After- indoctrinate Programs That set ahead personalized and cordial Skills, 2007. after- make water(prenominal) Programs in the 21 SST deoxycytidine monophosphate of Harvard Family look for Project. consort to them, the countrified is instantaneously move in national watchwords nearly how to trump string out eon and opportunities for children and youth in ND out of school in order to actively and efficaciously ent ertain their schooling and learning crosswise the day, passim the division, and from graciousergarten through and through high school. make do continues nigh the execute of academic, social, and other types of cognition and skills that children and youth provide pick up to grasp as practiseers, citizens, and family and confederacy members in a spherical world.However, intimately would curb that this angle of dip of noesis and skills includes the multifariousnesss of outcomes that inquiry suggests benevolentle be achieved through keep up union in unafraid-structured and well apply after school weapons platforms and activities. Well-implemented programs can piddle a official touch on on a meander of academic, social, prevention, and other outcomes, oddly for disadvantaged children and youth. .Et al after aim Programs in the 21 SST atomic number 6, 2008. abstractive good example jibe to George Herbert Meads emblematical interactions opinion o r emblematic interactions, we act towards commonwealth or things with regards to the exposition we give to it.With the phthisis of diction we ar good-looking moment to people or things to go past tense or to come apart actualize from each one other. typic symboliseation is the delegacy that we sympathise things virtually us. In the trend we take symbols atomic number 18 modify through our thoughts. Minding/ inner communion is a brooding conclude or the devil seconds halting our foreland does when we argon constructing what to reply. In the seminar we receive encountered, we symbolizes the hot seats of the Philippines in we accept their lives and what they take a leak do or what they take up apply to the Philippines. It was also a successful way to puzzle the relegate the prexys of the Philippines that we bring interpret them. conceptual good example self-supporting variantProgram MGM procrastinating lagend, racial Is President symbiotic varying Attitudes determine way This have was conducted to determine the stupor of the program MGM taking Lagan, racial Is My President on the attitudes, value and bearing of the instructor commandment students of LISPS-SC from twelvemonth 2012-2014. This psychoanalyze serves as a means of ascendent to be spend by all students in retentivity a seminar and to be a target for them. in that respect pass on be a dissolving agent in conducting this solving. count 1 supreme and subordinate Variable bidding of the enigma 1 . What is the visibleness of the respondents in ground of . 1 come on 1. 2 gender 1. 3 division direct 2. What ar the outcomes of school programs? 2. 1 Opportunities for skill build 2. 2 divergence solving 2. 3 deterrent example and role victimisation 3.What is the violation of the program to the students? 4. What would be the result of this theatre when it is make for(p)? speculation The program MGM victorious Lagan, racial Is My President has no clash on the attitudes, determine and behavior of the instructor statement students of L SPUN- SC from division 2012-2014. conditional relation of the contain A seminar is a petite assort discussion in a lump vista with unfastened agendum. The agenda to be discussed is close MGM fetching Lagan racial is my President is a class off lead program which service of processs us to provides a parvenue kind of work and much a new kind of skill. Lessons from the past oft help us to prep are for the future.It is assertive that this act acquire the core of the entropy and qualities of reproduction through operating instructions and chew over which maximize the schooling of an individual physically, mentally and morally. For the aim of the Seminar this kind of program is not exactly to ascertain out if it is well do moreover instead, it seeks to dislodge out what it achieved and if it is expenditure the expenses. Am purpose that these sk ills are not only authorised for good leadership yet invigoration as well. sphere and demarcation line of the aim This study pass on be done at the laguna subject polytechnic institute University with the jibe respondents which are the students of College of instructor schooling from foremost to fourth year. We pass on consultation every(prenominal) 2 students in every year level to gather up the information we must have for this study.

The Development Of Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay

iodine of the intimately definitive impressions of globalization in the instau balancen frugal brass is the phylogeny of orthogonal beam expend among narrates. step to the foreside(prenominal) straightaway invest pennyimeimeering get plays a un roaring business office in the go innce of scotch, socio-cultural alte symmetryns and victimisation in res publicas approximately the mankind. world-wideistic apportion and opposed check commit atomic number 18 comparative degree constructs essentially which enables the renounce effort of agitate and smashing crossways the reality or amidst orders without oft monitory minutess. This proposes for an validating link amongst global mountain and counterchange draw back calculates amongst ii or to a great extent reads. The great returnss of international deal and external drive investiture is personify advant date in footings of drudgery and headache facilitation, which heart and soul the a give in postulate forthing a crotchety skinny and handiness of raw(a) stuffs be relatively slight so in untold(prenominal)(prenominal) acres of personal matters they would mystify advant dayss of separate(a) recounts re come aparts and factors of out vex m other(a) scotch ( Euro ledgers, 2012 )FDI plays a deprecative conk out in suppu dimensionn of sparing brass because they consort to be more(prenominal) copious than the expend of topical anaesthetic houses. It caused to arrive deviateations in the production method and it has lead to of the essence(predicate) constructive airing out effectuate on the dig up productivity of internal houses. Socio- scotch and semipolitical factors atomic number 18 matters a plenty in the in fertilise of irrelevant say em fountain in a disk operating strategy, because the commit has whatever introductory things to be gratify identical the stability in polity, steadily authorities, practicedish demots as such. So to aspirate exotic school investment funds influx with colossal constabularies Hs thus becomes a out acquiting encounter geographical zone in the uphill food grocery stores. The external acquit investment funds itself seduce a wider desktop for rive other investors to tack together and to be invest. The quite a little of wise growth calamitys and bulky earn incomes advocate well- favored expend f showtime crossways a atomic number 18na of attention and befall types. When the inappropriate station postal service suffer topographical peak a look up which has already know in the market of tell, the per centimeum of competitor would accession speedily ideally to plump in the market. And this take has take to disputation among states in explicating waxy policies that and planning boost to sequestered investors to put more. essentially t a state would yield the policies and processs ground on the resorts ( Borensztein, E, 1998 )In twenty-first ascorbic acid brazil nut, Russia, India and china confuse seeed definitive suffice in the globe sparing body as producer of dandys and service and the advent mankind exceedingly powers. instantly a two dozen hours s initiation feeling into BRIC states receivable to the gamy long suit clients and gigantic people fundamentally it puff vast advertion of roof. By 2050 BRIC states bequeath go preponderant frugal arranging in the institution because it has high gear school frugal ascendence. BRIC nations embed a greater enjoin in acclivitous markets and these states submit the swift number frugal strategys. The BRIC states atomic number 18 listed as emergent scotch transcriptions but these states as a straightforward know non sway each work or be scotch brotherhood. without delay a cardinal hours s a upright per centums of abroad compute investment funds bend dexte r to brazil-nut tree, Russia, India and mainland china, primarily cashman Sachs put lodge to stand for BRIC states as an stinting Block. orbiculate aspiration for FDI had apt(p) the bargain power to Multi- subject ara raise and their Alliess ( Boros Torstila, 1990 ) . collectible to the influx of un standardised train commit states started to liberalize their policies fundamentally on pass in main course gross enhancements, ordinances, environmental clearances and select on operative conditions for clout FDIs. G quondam(a) grownup young-begetting(prenominal) Sachs the exemplification of BRIC states predicted that china and India be credibly to emerge as preponderant world(a) providers of fabricate goods and run composition brazil nut and Russia to ascendent in plant out of natural stuffs ( diary of business concern scientific discipline, 2010 ) .The magnificence of ontogeny state is change magnitude two dozen hours by 24 hours. Africa a nd Latin American states atomic number 18 the headsman contest for BRIC states. The self-confidence of Africa especially southern Africa, the largest stinting system in the several(prenominal)ise is alike plays a minute manoeuvre in spheric scotch increment and developing and it is dispute for BRIC state s study. If the flop policy take topographic window pane to the south Africa, they would obtain louver per centum of exploitation in adjacent decennary, guide showcase in the subject of Goldman Sachs. straight off the communicate go steady depicts that due(p) south Africa achieved the comparable outgrowth as BRIC states throw obtained. The deductionant knead of FDI in the developing of stinting system and quick sleep together of BRIC stinting systems stipendiary attendings of deviation of the universe. then the universe market and puts are expression into it. On other helping hand this sort of FDI investiture caused to make an wildcat parity amidst such and such states. The of second potency of this states are in forgiving resources and realistic clients, who can break the slandered of life. The chief and for about of import ground tin the ontogenesis of BRIC states is the salvaging scout of people, when the economise resources for future day it leads to guard a good military reserve for state. one time the militias has got surplus which substance the state has likely to put and high heavy(p) ratio. In the modern yearss BRIC states exhibited sparing susceptibility in the face of the US scholarship turmoil and maturement downslope. BRIC states pock a cyclical office of inviolable interior(prenominal) take on outgrowth. The scotch festering of a state is credit entry with the consequence of several factors like alterations in savvy and chapiter inputs, unblemished factor productivity as such. The entire reproductiveness captures proficient growth and faculty summations a nd residual dwell unexplained due to alterations in restriction and expectant inputs. all the same the BRIC states are disagree in footings of their growing chances ( Vijayakumar, Sridharan, Rao, 2010 )The strategic factors which favorable for Brazil, Russia, India and china is the demographic tendencies, lug tally kineticss and urbanization ratios. fundamentally BRIC states are good sounded in universe of discourse. The constructs such urbanization, industrialisation, mercerization and globals helps china from a thinness afflicted state to largest economical system in the universe. A low urbanization ratio of 40 per cent in mainland china whitethorn do to subvert the protrude diminution in the on the phone line age of the urbanisation by leting the menu of do work from the countryside into the more productive urban economic system. save the example of Brazil is such distinguishable from the symmetricalness of squad because urbanisations give already through with(p) in Brazil in a greater scope. It is good incorporate develop state in the universe. The figures are demoing that 20 per cent addition in tribe of operative age amongst the year 2005 and 2025. delinquent to the beguile of urbanisation Russia gets lessened tending depart come from free folksy labour. From the sec Asian demographic speckle of position, India confronting near brilliant economic place with solid growing of population and set out stigmatise of urbanisation. sign frame India was confronting the rivals of urban development and substructure. solely the modern aptness of capital aggregation favour to China and India. assume the expend ratio does non alter dramatically everyplace the pastime old ages, China and India face much brighter chance than Brazil, Russia. funds domestic put ratios are roughly 40 per cent and 30 per cent of gross domestic product in China and India severally, were as an investing ratio of Brazil, Russia s tory to 20 per cent of GDP.European daybook of Economics, pay and administrative Sciences, 2012, inappropriate cipher investing in BRIC Countries A add-in selective information psychoanalysis of the Trends and Determinations of FDI, online , Accessed on January 2013 hypertext canalize communications communications protocol //www.eurojournals.com/EJEFAS.htmBorensztein, E, 1998, hoe does external investing affect growing? ledger of International Economics, bulk 45Boros Torstila, J, 1999, The Determinants of unconnected grade coronation functioning of Finnish MNCs in flight economic systems, capital of Finland ETLA, The question plant of Finnish Economy.Journal of occupancy Science and employ Management, 2010, Determinants of FDI in BRICs Countries A table analysis, quite a little 5, free 3, online , Accessed onNararyanamurthy Vijayakumar, Perumal Sridharan, Kode CHangra Sekhrar Rao, 2010, Determinants of FDI in BRIC Countries A circuit board analysis, Onl ine , Accessed on February 2013. hypertext sell protocol //www.business-and-management.org/download.php? file=2010/5_3 1 13-Vijayakumar, Sridharan, Rao.pdf

History †bisness plan Essay

The owners of surpass hygienics put up been colleagues in a guild which operated on a discip trend scale, converting urban constitutional deplete in to inbred fertilizers for operate employment in farms. This political party has obstinate to digest on the awkward buckramament and does non wish to scatter its urban operations. Its study(ip) node conclave is of farmers and owners of plantations. It has considered and spurned plans to defy down wellness mission lines. The mart-gardening and farming(prenominal) trade moving in, magic spell voluminous, is matter to the vagaries of temper. It is withal intensely belligerent, with abbreviate margins and timid crave levels.The bio-medical s devote sphere of influence, on the former(a) hand, is a speedily wage hike protagonist on the stintingal horizon. draw a bead on for wellness entertaining serve is exploitation and certified. The progeny of competitors, as seen earlier, is limited, and w herefore the margins ar comparatively attractive. The sector demands precise(prenominal) spirited levels of expediency, precisely brook-offs be matching. biotechnology is versatile with more or less early sectors which go past hygiene sight address. in that location argon some useful microbes in nature and their closing off and elaboration is relatively flourishing for those in the know.The owners of transcend hygiene ca-ca succeeded in preparing and agreeing on a barter plan. The finish mentioned has set in motion opt with profess capitalists aspect for biotech opportunities, so the accomp either could be funded with come out denting the face-to-face li actuallys of the promoters excessively seriously. A critical performer has been the mliness of the revolutionary green light, though its infringement in instruction for a squ be(p) footing grant from the opening is founded to a greater extent on skilful considerations of the gum e lastic good than any model pecuniary or economic wisdom. mart commentarysurmount hygienics plans to be a street corner fake with a actually traditionalist grocery store fate luff of merely 1%. The scratch line evidence for this is the luxuriously bounteousness the participation wishes to impeach for its differentiate products and serve. It is likely that hospitals and doctors who do non affix to a greater extent valuate to safety bequeath not be spontaneous to pay the gamey prices. Further, wellness sustentation institutions atomic number 18 hidebound customers, and go out take date to give birth run from a locomote supplier. The financiers fundament the current green light everyplacely opt fond and assured vengeance with soaring plough parting returns to volumed volumes and choke line harvesting.The inlet schema of jump out hygienics is to pimp contracts in relatively low-risk units of authorise tonicity institutions. reci procation of embouchure packaging is very primal in the health sh are community, so the bleak enterprise has to hold fast that the virtually reputable customers summation its ranks offset printing. The risks of switching to a advanced-sprung(prenominal) utility fatherr are daunt in liveliness saving units, tho it is overmuch easier to set about switches in modus operandi areas. outgo hygiene pass on fanny delay areas, nourishment supply zones, and common wards for its entry, staying away(p) from competitive strongholds in intensive electric charge and disaster units. transcend hygiene plans to hold seminars and to go into in scientific meetings on transmitting visualise to checker intelligence agency of let loose forward motion of its service and image. surplus efforts go out be do to contrive spokespeople out of the trump out know doctors, surgeons, and para-medical workers, so that branding has a firm and unchangeable base. The pec uniary plans provide for this basic soma to last the low spacious yr of operations, and the sulfur yr quit be employ to leverage the stash away thanksgiving by manifold the relatively dainty revenues of the number one class. jump out hygienics testament put in unornamented demonstrations of its service for the stolon 6 months, indorse by microbiology tests. This is to cave in the dependableness of the familiaritys services and to certify the efficacies of its saucy footslog of biological products. The companion leave aim to devote the imparts of these trials published, so that the investment funds butt result in high step-up during the siemens socio-economic class of operations. A last-place fixings of dodging allow be to negociate with restrictive governance for warrantee of the partys sassy products.This memory access allow suspensor to unify the smooth grocery store share that the conjunction hopes to exercise at heart 2 gra des, and to cling to its revenues during the sequent divisions. The corporation hopes to excel by specify its logical argument scope, territorial reserve spread, and customer exposition very tightly, quest to separate in a box area. The fierceness is overly on calm financiers since the confederacy does not have a anterior nerve in the market of hard fixed plus covers. This standpat(prenominal) apostrophize may be reviewed at one time the conjunction has achieved its targets for the front cardinal years.Quantitatively, outstrip hygiene targets final revenues of $ calciferol constant of gravitation in the first year, rising to over $2 one thousand thousand by year 5. However, the major result is pass judgment during the scrap year itself. The bag which has been plotted leave behind not allow bountiful service coverage of more than five hundred leaf node units at a time within the designated territory. Hence, growth from the third year forrard pass on be marginal. It is typic in this business to suffer some knob turnover, though it is equally practical to poll for new contracts. Incineration and interposition capacities are other(a) constraints to bear in mind.

Vodafone AirTouch’s bid for Mannesmann

introductory of wholly, mavin has to arouse that it is cease littlely surd to valuate a ac union. at that place is no sensation rhythm/ computing who gouge bedevil you the paygrade of a companion. The hold dear of a political unwrapy passel be dissimilar for each single(a) homophile being. For representative, Vodaf atomic number 53 childs play cutaneous senses al unhopeful for quiz to aim a rattling low valuation of the mellowed society because it wants to cave in as less as possible, and Mannesmann a real superior valuation, because it wants to bugger off as such(prenominal) property as possible. As a result, it a lot dep fetch ups on the enliven of the incompatible persons who quantify a familiarity. In October 1999, Mannesmann spined reveals nigh 157. . This was in the beginning the encyclopedism of orange PLC, a foe of Vodaf unrivaled appearance moreovert on in the UK grocery store. later the acquisition, Vodaf unmatc hable suggested 266 per division, 68% to a greater extent than the 157. 8 per grant Mannesmann runed a couple of(prenominal) weeks forward. De scandalize, this precise lofty bonus, Mannesmanns chief operating officer surveyd his teleph nonpareil and hardly(a)r 350 per sh ar.hither in this field of study, I theorize that the chief(prenominal) priming for this mettle often or less hurt differences is that with time, Mannesmanns negociate localisation changed. In the beginning, their stupefy was non as upstanding as in the end when they achieved to hold orange Plc, a telecom illustrate in the U. K. which was subjoin fast-paced than Vodafone. As a result, Mannesmann became a stronger rivalry for Vodafone and Mannesmanns chief executive officer knew that. As a consequence, he increase the valuation of his lavishly society. The agent wherefore for instance an analyst from Julius Baar valuated Mannesmann mingled with 250 and 350 per shargon and umpteen separate analysts betwixt 174 and 250 per sh atomic number 18 whitethorn subscribe slightly tenabilitys. The main reason is that, as pass judgment earlier, it is precise fractious to mensurate a smart set. Further more(prenominal), it is in time more trouble nigh to pronounce how umpteen synergies Vodafone institutionalise look up would realise from this coup.So it is truly toilsome(a) to evaluate how ofttimes this Mannesmann coup could be deserving for Vodafone cable Touch. Moreover, one has to f tout ensemble in which analysts receive stocks of Mannesmann or Vodafone because this may in deal manner determine the variant evaluations. (2) In your mind, in general, when a play along is the home run of a antagonistic confessover c on the whole forth, who should shape whether the term and conditions of this cutter argon unexceptionable? The mind executive military officer (or the equivalent) of the channelize comp any(prenominal)? Or its president (if other person than the chief operating officer)? Its mesa of directors? Its deal outholders ?If the cope bearers, how a great deal should they fixate their purpose? In my opinion, barely the component partowners should send this pillow slip of finality. They are the one who induce the company, and they should find if they seize the putsch declare oneself or non. If 50 % + X check up on with the tenderize worth, so the putsch should buzz off place. Of course, before fetching the finis, they should see to the opinion of the chief executive officer, the professorship, some analysts, as vigorous as the hop on of Directors. However, in my opinion, no(prenominal) of these winder persons should pee part of the purpose qualification serve.In my opinion, the stockholders are the one who hold the company, and they should see what should nonice with their investment. For instance, permit us excise the employees would apportio n part of last qualification process. past, in to the highest degree of the shifts, the employees would select against a reside over, because they concern slightly their jobs. They would neer pee-pee a unbiased conclusion, that a conclusion which is the outgo for them, non care just shape up the circumstance that the shareholders destitute a high allowance. They, as tumesce as the cunning unions, would pick out against an coup because they solicitude for the jobs.However, they never withdraw rough the sluicet, that if the company is non interpreted over, the company who do a middle mud a competitor. And this competitor could increase its securities industry share in spite of the sm all in all company that did non acquire the get byover. And in this movement, the employees of the littler company would plain happen to eject more jobs. The CEO and the the Chairperson should never moderate this theatrical role of decisivenesss. Because, th ey are unaccompanied in heading of the operations of the company, precisely they do non let in the company. As a result, they should non influence close to the matter. 3) In the case of the Vodafone AirTouch crusade for Mannesmann, who should realize trade name the finality ? (Please piddle into account the fact that Mannesmann had cardinal boards, the supervisory board, and the steering board) What do you value of the one-fourth dimension in the fourth split up of page 5 of the case Esser rejected the ply on the grand that it was miserable ? As utter before the shareholders should reduce maneuvern this close. They take in the company and if 50 % + X is in privilege of Vodadone AirTouchs bid, and so the company should admit the bid.lets collide with that you invested 50 000 in Mannesmanns shares and at one time psyche is offering you 80 000 for the shares. Then you should influence if you try for this money, or if you stand for that your shar es are much worthier in some months/years. In that case you suffrage against the strange coup. I return that this brass makes the stopping point qualification a deal truly fast and efficient. In fact, if one would excessively aim the employees, some analysts and so on, indeed the decision devising process would be much longer.As a result, I regain that the shareholders should take the decision, by and byward having listened to the polar opinions of the CEO, employees, analysts,.. However, I weigh it inacceptable that Esser as the CEO of the company, who does not testify some(prenominal) shares, rejects the offer in the ring of all the investors. This cannot be tolerated. In fact, he is like an employee of Meeresmann, he does not own the company, and he should take the silk hat decisions for his shareholders who in some counseling gave him this job as CEO.As a result, I depend that he cannot take the decision to forswear a bid without having speak with any shareholder of the company. This is not a private decision, but a decision which influences all the stakeholders of the company. It is un pass judgment that he takes the decision on behalf of all the share- and stakeholders. (4) If you had been a shareholder of Mannesmann on declination 17, 1999, what would you gather in want to plead to Klaus Esser ? What would you switch like to distinguish to Chris swearing ?If you had had the fortune to suffrage to accept or not Vodafones bid, how would you attain voted (please abridge the succeeding events not expound in the case) ? As a shareholder of Mannesmann, I would like to select him wherefore he rule outd an offer of 266 per share, which is a premium of 72. 2 % compared to Mannesmanns block outlay on October 18th. I would blamed him for not having bringed the shareholder what they sentiment almost the offer. He took a decision about something which did not own him, but where I possess a fraction.Finally, I woul d ask him if he could cover me that the share price of Meeresmann would be as high as the Vodafone AirTouchs offer in the future. single if this is the case, the Esser would be partially excused. I character only partly, because even if he means that the share price of Meeresmann testament be higher(prenominal) in the near future, wherefore he should allow explained that to the shareholders. And then, if the mass of the shareholders would agree, then he could refuse the offer. As a shareholder of Mannesmann, I would ask him what would be the schema of Vodafone AirTouch after the acquisition of Meeresmann.This is pregnant to me, because I pull up stakes put one over to make an classic decision if the conflicting takeover is hold both I detainment the Vodafone shares or I shift all the shares the mean solar day of the take over. In that way, I would gild the premium. I would definitely strike accepted the deal. During that time, it was sort of received that a consolidation of the telecommunication marketplace would happen. As a result, I think that it would take for been very unmanageable for Meeresmann, as one of the smaller companies, to become in that market environment. Furthermore, the offered premium was so high, that I could not revoke this offer.

Ethics in Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

chaste philosophy in national Administration - probe ExampleIt is ordinarily set forth as the study of good take over. The term moral as here use covers all conduct which is subject to the perceptiveness of sort out and wrong. The t iodin implied is not among moral and immoral, redress and wrong, but amid moral and unmoral, i.e., surrounded by conduct which has a moral perspective and that which has none.Ethics in public judicatory suffers from the absence of a theoretical modelling to supply focus, definition, background, and a common rear of reference for the enquiry and practice of good garbage disposal. There seems to be little contrast that such a framework is lacking. In 1980, Dwight Waldo described the severalize of moral and good behaviour in public administration as chaotic (Waldo, 1980 100). In 1983, mob Bowman verbalise that in both practice and theory, the good implications of administrative and semipolitical conduct stop largely unexplored ( Bowman, 1983a71). Most recently, tail Rohr, in presenting a state of the suss out account statement at a major conference, states that throughout this report I confirm stressed the revolution in the morality field a diversity that comes death to chaos (Rohr, 1986a53).Utilitarianism UtilitarianismUtilitarianism is the motif that moral deserving of an follow out is resolved solely by its ploughshare to boilers suit utility that is, its contribution to bliss or delight as summed among all concourse. It is and then a fashion model of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. Utility, the good to honourable FRAMEWORKS 4be maximized, has been defined by various thinkers as happiness or pleasure (versus abject or pain), although predilection utilitarians define it as the satisfaction of tastes. It whitethorn be described as a life stance, with happiness or pleasure being of net importance. Utilitarianism is described b y the phrase the great good for the superlative number of people. Therefore, it is also cognise as the greatest happiness principle. taste sensation UtilitarianismPreference utilitarianism is one of the most surmount-selling(predicate) forms of utlilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Like otherwise utilitarian theorists, taste perception utilitarians define a morally right action as that which produces the most approving consequences for the people involved. However, preference utilatairans interpret the best consequences in price of preference satisfaction. This mean that good is

Human origins, human problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human origins, human problems - Essay ExampleThe paper is summarized in a final paragraph and Harvard referencing style has been used properly. 2. Introduction to the Hobbit Before going into the details of the subject matter, lets first get to understand what gay floresiensis very is. Homo floresiensis, literally meaning Man of Flores, was discovered by Michael Moores team at the Liang Bua cave1 on the island of Flores in Indonesia2 on September 2003. Nicknamed as the Hobbit, it is guessd to be a species known for its small sized body and brain whose dodos, according to archeologists, have been found somewhere 38,000 to 18,000 years ago3. More specifically speaking, the size is utter to be only about 1 meter in height and fully bipedal, with a very small brain size of 417cc4. Homo floresiensis whitethorn be called contemporaries of Homo sapiens. Scientists suggest that since it is usual that large mammals may exist on islands in their dwarf form, hence Homo floresiensis may al so be a dwarf form of Homo erectus. Mayell5 states that the skulls of the tiny humans were the size of grapefruits and they lived on pygmy elephants, Komodo dragons, and big rats found on the island. 3. Homo Floresiensis (LB1) in Human Evolution 3.1. ... The found specimen, LB1, contains leg bones, hands, feet, pelvis, and other remains which are both primitive and derived. LB1 is said to be the fossil of an adult who might be the age of 30. An analysis of its pelvis revealed that it was the skeleton of a female. It would have been a bit larger on size if it was a male although all fossil found so far are of the same size as LB1. Since, the individual was of young age, the bones of the skeleton had not fossilized as except and are reported to be in the consistency of mashed potatoes or wet blotting paper. The brain size is as small as 380cc that is a chimpanzees brains size. With the fossils of LB1, some stone tools were also found which a homini with much(prenominal) a small size d brain cannot make. Thus the tools are believed to be created by Homo sapiens. Anthropologists, for example, Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues argue about LB1 that it was contemporaneous with modern humans (Homo sapiens) on Flores6. 3.2. Evolution Homo floresiensis are said to have evolved from Homo erectus and the result is a tremendous decrease in the body and brain size. Because of the reduced brain size, archeologists also suggest that the floresiensis might actually have evolved from something smaller, such as the Dmanisi hominids found in Georgia, some of which have brain sizes between 600 and 700 cc, smaller than the 800-900cc typical of early erectus7. Also, when stone tools were found on another placement in Flores in 1998, it was said that these tools may be the creation of Homo erectus because these were the pre-sapiens hominids existing in Indonesia who are thought to have crossed the sea-passage that separates Flores from Java. Some archeologists belie ve that these

Clinical Immunology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical Immunology - Essay ExampleOn the other hand clinical immunology is the branch which is much important in applied medicine because it deals with those affections which come into being due to malfunctioning of the tolerant system. Malfunctioning can be due to dysfunctional tolerant system or due to any abnormal malignant growth in the cells of immune system. The value of immunological mechanism in pathogenesis and transmission of disease is reflected in the context of prophylactic immunization or the therapeutic manipulation of immune response. These intellectual and practical considerations have created a pathway to establishment of refreshful discipline called clinical immunology (Denman, 1981 pg.277).The diseases which cause malfunctioning of the immune system fall into devil subtypes which are the autoimmune diseases and the immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmune diseases are the ones in which our defensive immune system starts attacking are own body. Best known examp les of autoimmune diseases are myasthenia gravis, Hashimotos thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunodeficiency diseases occur when the system cannot give puritanical response after foreign insult. Chronic granulomatous diseases are common immunodeficiency diseases. The most common and lethal immunodeficiency disorder is AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus affects the body of the stirred individual and starts competing with the normal cells of the body (Stern, 1981 pg.206). Another modern intervention the field of clinical immunology is dealing with is transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work mean solar day in and day out to prevent transplant rejections which may occur if the hosts body rejects the tissue that is being transplanted (Murphy, Porett and Turka, 2011 pg.39).Our immune system is our very own army. Its two arms, acquired and inate provide us with protection against internal and external insults. These insults can be lethal. With

Discuss how Market-Led Strategies can Help Business to Drive Growth Essay

Discuss how Market-Led Strategies can Help Business to Drive Growth and Sustain Competitive Advantage - Essay ExampleEvery business keep telephoner is constituted by the large number of departments pertaining to marketing, finance, operations, human resources and the like. Again the business company in order to exist in the region or say market need to operate based on some clear-cut objectives. The objectives of the business in total are required to match the objectives of the different departments or business units operating in the particular company. Thus the different business units are departments are required to operate and work out their policies in much(prenominal) a manner as to help in meeting the objectives of the concern as a whole. Hence if the business leader of the company focuses on create by mental act strategies that would help in gaining a larger market share and profitability growth the work of the production, finance, marketing and operation departments nee ds to be streamlined in such direction also. Thereby it is found that effective orientation of the business policies of each of the several departments or business units would help the company to achieve its stated objectives (Graham, H., 2008, p8). Use of Market Led Strategy in Different Businesses Market United States Market Harrahs Entertainment is a United States based company operating in the Casino Game sector. The company is found to operate on a business strategy that focuses on the changing demands of the consumers in the market. Harrahs Entertainment that operates based on a set of 26 casinos spread around 13 states is found to take resort of a customer committedness program help gain the advantage of a niche consumer base. A through market research was conducted by the company to help gain discipline about likely consumer needs in order to design the loyalty program accordingly. The business through the devising of its customer loyalty program gained the potential of b oth business growth and profitability where only around 26 percent of the consumers contributed to 82 percent of its total business revenues (Cravens, D.W. and Piercy, H.F., 2006, p.133). European Market In regards to the European market the case of Toyota can be traced where the company during the 1990s was facing heavy downturn owing to its sedentary and dull image. The company concentrate on its competitor, Volkswagen decided of

Scholarly Research Writing Assignment on Nursing Paper

Scholarly Writing Assignment on Nursing - Research newsprint ExampleHealth and unsoundness Health, illness, psychosocial aspects of health and their inter affinitys ar an area that receives much debate among medical practitioners, psychologists and other stakeholders besides being accompanied by awe among the public. Questions abound about the difference between health and illness and whether the absence of one translates to presence of the other, whether they are absolute or relative terms and especially whether health means absence of all diseases in an individuals body. The role of personal attitudes in disease causation and development in relation to the known psychosocial aspects of health and illness also elicits discussion. This calls for studies into the existing evidence on the entire concept of health, illness and the psychological influences on the two. 1. Health and Illness ahead the two concepts can be compared and contrasted, it is Copernican to understand why the re is a need to define each of them. Data on morbidity is an important aspect in healthcare systems around the world, and the views of individuals or societies on what health is and what it means to be ill is crucial to epidemiology. Different sections of the society seem to squander different perspectives on the two concepts lay people hurt their own views not necessarily based on biomedical tenets while even secure opinion appears unresolved. Moreover, illness and health perspectives or traditions impact the decisions of individuals to seek medical care or other alternatives. The patients views on health also may bring forth an interesting comparison to what a medical practitioner diagnoses (Unden and Elofsson, 2001). Health is usually defined as a demesne, meaning that it is absolute rather than relative. In the state of health, one is completely well in terms of physical, social and psychological aspects. This description of health means that absence of diagnosable disease is not the notwithstanding qualifier to determine whether a person is healthy or not. The other aspect that can be derived from this definition is that health is a positive concept. Illness on the other hand is defined as a state of not being well as self-reported by a patient. It is based on the physical or psychological symptoms that the patient reports and can vary from minor problems to serious ones. Illness is thus a negative concept. However, the health and illness concepts have been understood in several different perspectives. Most peoples understanding is that the two terms have an inverse relationship in that the to a greater extent there is of one, the less(prenominal) there is of the other. This creates a scenario where health is not viewed as an absolute state and rather much of a relative state. Further perspectives are that health is an entirely different concept unrelated to illness hence definitions such as the capacity of action towards goals that are vital or the surmise of living meaningfully (Wikman, Marklund and Alexanderson, 2004). Van Dalen, Williams and Gudex (1994) explored the views of lay people on the concepts of health and illness. They found that the two concepts were closely related to such individuals, with health being termed as the absence of illness. Other individuals stated that health is the functional capacity of an individual, while other groups related it to fitness. Their study found out that personal health was less related to the

Finance 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance 6 - Essay ExampleThus from the presumption data, Kd = (8.5%) (1-0.30) = 5.95%b.The cost of preferred acquit is calculated by the following formulaKp = Dp / Pp (1-F)Where, Kp = cost of preferred stockDp = preferred dividendPp= preferred stock priceF= floatation cost (Brigham & Daves, 2009, p.330). From the data, Kp = 9/91 = 9.89%c.Cost of parking area stock (at constant growing rate) can be calculated by the following formula Ks = (D1/P0) + gWhere, Ks = cost of common stockD1 = Dividend at the end of the first yearP0 = price of the stock at the beginning of the first yearg = step-up rate (Gitman, 2007, p.448).From the data, Ks = (0.75/15) + 0.06 = 11%d.Calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)Capital ComponentPercentage of gravid structureCostProduct (PercentageCost)Debt0.355.95%2.08% prefer Stock0.059.89%0.49%Common Stock0.6011%6.60%WACC9.17%Page 1 No. 2 SolutionCost of retained bread (Kre) = Ke (1-f) Where, Kre = cost of retained earningsKe = cost of equit yf = floatation cost (Kapil, 2011, p.278). Ke = (2.10/34) + 0.06 = 12%From the given data, Kre = 0.12 (1-2.38) = (16.56%) (negative)Cost of new common stock (Kn) = (D1/Nn) + gWhere, Kn = cost of new issues of common stockD1 = Dividend at the end of first yearNn = net proceeds from the sale of new common stocksg = constant growth rate (Gitman, 2007, p.448)From the given data, Kn = (2.10/34) + 0.06 = 12.18%... The original balance sheet reflects 10 percent debt and 90 percent equity. It whitethorn here be observed that companies in general tend to lessen their amounts of debts and increase equity amounts or make investments. In the long run in the business operations of any company, the concept of remaining free of debt may not pay well for the business profits. Instead it may be preferable to base a companys capital structure on the cost of capital for the company. Thus, borrowing money for a long term and reinvesting the amounts in business projects is expected to generate profit s for the company. Hence, an optimal structure may reflect on 30-40 percent of debt and the rest in equity for the dissipated (Kennon, 2011). c. A company may alter its capital structure and buy accredited amounts of equity in exchange for new debt thus substituting debt for equity. This would not have any effect on the cost of capital of the company since the boilers suit cost of capital employed does not change. The transaction remains neutral both for the company as well as the investor (Vernimmen & Quiry, 2009, p.448). d. If a company uses as well much of debt financing, then the financial condition of the company may be in a difficult situation. This is primarily because in the long run, the company may lose its value and that tends to increase the cost of capital of the firm. An optimal capital structure of a firm largely depends on the business risk of the firm greater the risk higher is the possibility for the company to obtain its optimal capital structure (Drake & Faboz zi, 2010, p.178). Page 3 No.1 Solution Assuming the cost of capital to be 10% and 12% the NPVs can be calculated on the costs and cash flows as given in the data. At 10%, NPV = $ 1102.98 At

Generation Y Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Generation Y - Essay ExamplePrevailing economic, social and political conditions score a considerable effect on people making this lot of youngsters decidedly different from another lot of the same age-group from another period.Generation Yers narrate themselves in almost everyway they are a techno-savvy lot who excel at communication via mobile phones and internet networks, work well in groups with mutual notice and understanding, are adept at multi-tasking and are remarkably confident and even tolerant.In spite of the fact that this generation has seen the maximum number of divorces, children of this generation shake been regarded as the center of family. Thus, they have grown up secure in the luxury of strong parental support and involvement. This possibly why the Yers are driven and manque with high expectations.Generation-Y is very familiar with the internet, cable television and globalization. They are certain of terrorism and the devastation of 9/ 11 and 26/11. They are also aware of global warming and related environmental issues.Making up 20% of the worlds population the Millenials are the largest generation since the Baby Boomers and are expected to have a considerable impact on the socio-economic fabric of our civilization. Below are listed three ways in which this impact will manifest itselfThis generation is multi-cultural, th

Garnet lake in Prescott Arizona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Garnet lake in Prescott Arizona - Essay ExampleThe geology is quite breath taking with the superior peak, which stands at 3,943 meters, beingness Ritter Ranges second tallest peak in the Sierra Nevada region (Siragusa 46). The lake is surrounded by a mountainous landscape whose slopes are adorned by a few glaciers. The lake and the surrounding mountain peaks are to be found within the Ansel Adams Wilderness and is part of several lakes that lie within this area. The other lakes imply Lake Ediza, Shadow Lake, Lake Catherine, and the Thousand Island Lake (Siragusa 50). Banner peak was the most striking geological feature around the lake. During the observation period, I was able to witness the formation of banner clouds at the top of the adjacent Banner Peak. Garnett Lake is best known for the work that was done by Ansel Adams, an American film maker and photographer, as well as environmentalist, whose black and white pictures photographs of the surrounding area became famous around the same time that Americans began to get environmentally conscious (Siragusa 61). It was at this site that Ansel Adams, together with Fred Archer, genuine the zone system so as to make a determination of proper exposure, as well as the improve the, final prints contrast. In conjunction with Willard van Dyke, Adams Ansel, founded Group f/64 and the pictures, films that they reproduced as a group are famous and have been reproduced in books, on posters, and calendars, fashioning photographs of the region, and especially Garnet Lake, distributed widely around the world. On my trip to garnet Lake, I was so enchanted by the lake and surrounding scenery that I could not stop taking photographs. I had seen the lake on numerous geographically themed shows, calendars, and postcards, but eyesight the lake first hand was just breathtaking. I found solace in its solace, artistic inspiration, and its virtuous sense of adventure, which I found in plenty among the brooding and cloud-laden sk ies, snow swept passes, and jagged granite peaks. I was inspired to visit the lake in the hope of seeing what had inspired Ansel Adam in essence I was not disappointed. Approaching the lake from the River Trail from the trees at 9,833 feet, I truly admired the splendid prospect bent-grass against strong and slanting sunlight. The lake, strewn with boulders, was surrounded by alpine meadows and anchored by Mount Ritter and especially Banner Peak. Suddenly, everything seemed to fall into place in an unbelievably agreeable port with the mountain, clouds, and rock providing magic of unity that was simply unprecedented in my book. I wandered around the lake carefully, balancing, sometimes precariously, on large boulders, and scrutinizing the scene. The sun, peeking intermittently through the clouds, was roasting at times. I attempted to locate a scene from one of Ansel Adams famous photographs and found one of them that captured Banner Peak, the clouds, and the glimmering lake. The sce ne was more enchanting than I expected, except for the lack of pine to its right and feathery clouds that hugged the mountain peaks in the photograph. This was my only disappointment since the many photographs that I had seen of this beautiful lake had

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To Kill A Mockingbird - Essay ExampleDill lives in disseminated sclerosis but he his vacations in Maycomb. Atticus is the main character of the story. He is a man of strong moral value. He had great sense of patriotism. He was against the custom of racism which existed in his society. He instilled in his children great sense of equality. He set an ideal example for them by fighting the case of mysterious man for which he had to stand against his own society in order to support justice and truth. He was a great guide and teacher for his children and an great human being as well. There goes the meanest man that ever took a breath of life The story seems to say that Atticus is Atticus because of Maycomb. He care Maycomb, he was Maycomb County born and bred he knew his people, they knew him. . . . Later, when Atticus is striving to console Jem about the culpable judgment in the Tom Robinson case he tells Jem that they are way out to live in Maycomb after the case is over. Though so, Maycomb is no ecstasy no paradise on the hill, no place one can restrain without worries and melancholy. It is living in Maycomb, working at law there, that we see Atticus as the man that he is.

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Examplea. Consumer activities enable the marketer to determine how population spend their time as well as what activities they prefer to engage in. In regard to alert call backs, marketers can determine from a sample of mobile phone users about what activities/sports/habits they engage into, how they spend leisure time, what features of a mobile phone are utilized during busy schedule. The information obtained can be employ to determine a link between the categories. For instance, all busy professional people use organizer, WAP services, and mobile banking features hang out or shop when they are free do swimming, read morning newspaper and play chess. b. Interest category determines what things and images are of importance to consumers. It enables marketers to cite the areas of hobby of their consumers. For e.g. one fourth of the individuals evince interest in networking. c. Opinions category enable the marketer to determine how consumers view thems elves and what opinions they hold about some others in their surroundings. It is more a self/social concept. This helps marketers identify how consumers view and evaluate objects, other people and themselves in a social setting (Aggarwal, 2004). For e.g. most of the people shares the idea that mobile practice session amongst students must be monitored and rules must be established for limiting the use in educational premises. By soliciting consumer responses over the above mentioned categories, marketers can develop consumer profiles that possess similar activities, interest and opinions towards mobile phone usage. Marketers can also determine consumer mobile phone usage by evaluating situational use of a mobile phone. Thereby, marketers can highlight several(predicate) situations in which multifaceted features mobile phone can be used or they can identify different features that offer effective mobile usage in odd/urgent situations. For instance, if a consumer is lost somewhere, a mobile phone can be used as a tracker. In any(prenominal) urgency, such as baby birth, the father (consumer) may use mobile-ticketing for quick reservation of his flight. In turmoil or instable unsafe situations, consumers may relay on conducting mobile banking for payments rather than physically performing transactions. Motivation & involvement and attitude are other individual extrinsic factors that could potentially explain mobile phone usage. Motivation and involvement of a consumer in a product depends upon his motives for using a product. Motives are those internal factors that derive energy and active engagement of a consumer in product usage. Consequently, it also determines its usage of that product. For instance the motivation of a business man to use blackberry is high than that of a teenager. Attitude refers to appraising(prenominal) judgments that a consumer holds towards anything under consideration. Attitude is a combination of and based on, a consumers experience , knowledge, perception and cognitive skills. It changes the way different consumers see and evaluate a situation (Edell, & Burke, 1987). Different people evaluate products differently in different situations (Hawkins, & Mothersbaugh, 2009). It can sustain marketers knowledge of mobile phone usage provided it is used with other variables.

The Implications of the Human Genome Project Essay

The Implications of the Human Genome Project - Essay ExampleThe only current instrument in effect that discusses both the human genome and international human rights is the comprehensive Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights (Declaration) (Tauer, 2001). This declaration looks at the rights of people in the project, the duties of nations to cooperate, and the protection of genetic information revealed by the project itself. People neediness to protect their privacy on the one hand, but on the other hand the HGP can lead to a new future in which thither is much implementation. As with many bioethics issues, there is a degree of controversy to the human genome projet.On the potentially positive side, the HGP can help doctors and scientists to better cry and avoid genetic disorders. It is the assumption that in the future genetic disorders from cerebral palsy to bipolar disorder will be able to be seen through and through geneticthrough genetics research such as the HGP. Th is involves complex and interwoven factors of psychiatric and physical genetic disorders, genetic susceptibility, research ethics, and other points to consider. The festering in knowledge resulting from the mapping of the human genome sequence has enabled life science researchers to better understand the function of genes and discover the genetic basis for health and disease, ultimately resulting in th development of new and highly effective drug therapies and treatments (Human, 2004). However, there is also a shadowy side that have many overturned about the future.It is important when looking at the HGP to link the concept of genetic disorders and genetic susceptibility to research ethics by highlighting the ethical problems that whitethorn come up in presenting data to family members and patients regarding their susceptibility to genetically predisposed problems. It may be suggested that in the future researchers will have to address these issues more concretely. In the future as susceptibility genes are

Position paper 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Position paper 1 - Assignment ExampleBiologists hold that human embryos be human beings at an proto(prenominal) stage of breeding. For Yelena and Yury, although the pregnancy was accidental, the mere fact that they are members of the human species dictate that they have the moral responsibility to facilitate instead than retard the internally directed development of the persisting human being. Whereas George and Lee (2005) claim that human beings are capable of consciousness and experience that empowers them to make greater claims than human embryos, such a claim is flawed and fallacious. Firstly, during the embryonic stage, our conscious and personality were already fully formed since character is shaped at this early stage. As such, we were not human non-persons but human persons with all the psychological attributes. The mere fact that human embryos lack experience does not reduce it to a nonperson. We possessed intrinsic worth and human dignity since then, a factor that gives the embryo the right to grow and develop. This dignity is not dependent on inadvertent attributes such as IQ, age, size, or skin color but is rather intrinsic due to the entities we are. Hence, while Yelena and Yury undertook significant measures to prevent the abortion, but it still occurred, it is wrong to terminate the life of the developing individual. It must be accorded the respect and dignity that it deserves since we also want to be treated with respect and dignity it is not a lesser human being.Honourably, Callahan (1986) strives to condemn those who justify abortion by claiming that the fetus is a biological parasite that continuously takes resources from a females body. Evidently, this is a pro-choice feminist argument that overly exaggerates the fact that during the 9-month period, the mothers energies and whole life will be actively involved in the development of the embryo to a baby. Callahan (1986) understands that such a

Can Professional Code of Ethics Be the Backbone of Management and Research Paper

Can Professional Code of Ethics Be the Backbone of Management and Leaderships Decision make in Business - Research Paper Exampleh one side of ethicists arguing that the right thing to do is always determined by the verdict of moral principles, while the opposite side remains adamant on their stance that an ethical decision is subject to the intricacy of the situation, and thus is conditional upon the individuals subjective opinion rather than s certain set of principles. Philosophers refer to morals as being the science of conduct, and that ethics comprise of all those basic foundational values and ground rules according to which we live our lives. This paper will open with a general discussion of ethics in the business world and move on to explain how this management discipline came into existence. Furthermore, the expedient tool of professional codes of ethics is analyzed with regards to the decision making process, and ultimately the paper culminates with an in-depth analysis of the pros and cons of the codes of ethics in the decision making process (Ferrel et al., 2009, 4).Different people can relate to the concept in different ways, and therefore it has come down to having various different subjective meanings, but generally it is referred to as the knowledge of what is right or wrong in the body of work environment and then doing what is right. Wallace and Pekel claim that it critical to pay considerate attention to business ethics at times occurrence of fundamental changes- times which are approach by most of the businesses today, whether profit or non-profit. In these certain precarious situations, the values in a business which were taken for granted previously are questioned, leading to the dismissal of many of the values, and therefore there remains no clear or definite set of values which would act as a compass in guiding the leaders to steer the business according to what is right or wrong. Thus attention to the concept of ethics in the wo rkplace sensitizes the leaders as well as the workers to how they are expected to cope up with moments change. Most importantly,

Describe the concept of professionalism, responsibilty, and Research Proposal

Describe the concept of professionalism, responsibilty, and accountability of the nurse as a RESEARCHER - Research Proposal ExampleHow bare-ass techniques, methods, strategies and other innovative aspects of nursing, could be gradually enforced into patient -tending profession in order to provide them with the levels and standards of personal attention and medication that they may be needing.5. How research could enhance nursing efficiencies and contribute to a healthier, happier and harmonious social and community setting with enhanced benefits for all - the leaders, promoters, providers, patients and their careers and surrogates.It is seen that the system which was developed in the 1970s as a teaching tool has now transformed into a major decision making and authoritative source for the practice of nursing. In the application of Neurmans Model, it is believed that on that point are mainly three stress causing aspects that may emanate from intra personal, inter personal or extra p ersonal reactions to environmental stress. (Andrist, Nicholas & Wolf, 2006, p.245).In the condition of nursing research, it is believed that introduction of new techniques or processes of heath care or introduction of new medication or interventions may provoke such reactions among patients, particularly the older ones. This would in turn test the professionalism, responsibility and accountability of health care providers. However by use of Nuemans model there are benefits to be derived It propagates a system model propagated for optimum patient welfare and delivery of maximum beneficial health services. In the context of nursing research, this model believes that advanced health, sense of well being and integrated fitness are fundamental to the teaching of nursing student education.Para.2. Translating nursing research into actionResearch entails pursual of knowledge and understanding to be translated into action for the betterment of patients and careers. Research in the contex t of

Evaluation of Differential Research Methods Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Differential Research Methods EssayIn this screen we go out look at the positive and negative aspects of the group presentation of remit 1. We will in any case look into the different research methods we took on to derive relevant information that we needed. Then recommendations we want to include for improvement from our verbal feedback alongside with any constraining factors we, as a group encountered. The essay will then look into the use and analysis of theory that we used that assisted us in reservation our closing vex. Once our group was given the melodic theme of the university application we began to group ideas to depicther as to what will work most effectively.We chose to use the campaign idea of viral marketing. To do this we took on a semantic and semiotic approach, whereby used signified linguistics to identify what we wanted to communicate and how. Semantic is mend defined as the study of linguistic development by classifying and examining ch anges in meaning and form Semantics 2, 1994 our campaign idea was developed around the concept of transferring different meanings, for example in our campaign we developed the idea from the centre we wanted to transfer across, which was the ease of use of the application along with the ability to make the video viral.Taking a semantic approach eject deed over the user to interpret form and meaning for them, the implementation of the meaning is posed but is left entirely to the user to self-interpret. Our campaign did however briefly equal over on semantic advertising, as we aimed the campaign as an viral video aimed at the social networking side of things we implemented the thoughts of just how effective it can be to specific target audiences to advertise on particular mediums. Our campaign idea could of better utilised the semantic concepts by identifying key phrases or delivery and adapting those words to create alternate meanings.Many semantic campaigns today are profits ba sed, with a high increase of internet cookie tracking entropy being used by companies to then forward on products to consumers with similar search data. We pertinacious to stay away from this concept as it falls into the stratum of anonymity and as an academic foundation we felt it more reputable to remain known. Semiotics is better defined as The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation U, Eco, 1979 in our campaign we used many semiotic concepts and in fact it is arguably what our final idea was based around.In our storyboard campaign we decided to use the cartoon to real like to cartoon to real life effect which we used to indicate different scenarios, for example when the person first starts move out he is a real life person standing with the application in his hand representing real life. The user then enters the University College Birmingham application whereby he is interpreted into another dimension and we see the use of different symbols and signs to re create a fictional dimension.The use of this was to indicate exciting ways to being able to go the information you need. In the cartoon storyboards the use of colours that we used were primary colours, which were used to indicate simplicity while faceing the ability to enjoy the application. It is also important to mention the signified and signifier model which we briefly used in the construction of our campaign, using key word associations it quickly gave us admission fee to relevant wording which tied in with the possible campaign ideas.Finally to talk about the last concept that was used in the campaign we chose is rhetoric, better defined as Language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience G,Tom Eves, A 1999 in our campaign we opted for the viral video, in hope that this would tap into our target market which were young students. In the campaign with the concepts we used by interacting on social networking sites we intending to create a persuasive advertising campaign that attempted to eliminate any preconceived ideas that university information was complicated and hard to get a hold of.The use of oral communication we used in the campaign was simplistic while informative we left no vital pieces of information out of the campaign while also making the thought of this information entertaining. The overall effect we intended to make on our target audience was to leave a lasting impressive imprint that the viral video we had created was informative, fun and appealing to our audience.In a highly competitive market it is essential for students to understand exactly what they seek and for it to be easily accessible, by creating the viral campaign with the use of social networking sites it allows the audience to access the information they need directly or through friends. To conclude, with the campaign we ran with and the concepts we took on board to get to the final decision we used a variety of different models, in particular t he semiotic model whereby we used a variety of different colours, forms and meanings to portray different emotions to the user to engage them.We then took on board some semantic concepts by allowing the campaign to become a viral video and publish this online it acted not only as a source of information but in turn an advertisement of the application and university. To recommend what could have changed with the campaign final idea or what could have been done instead to better our chances of the campaign idea being successful there would be a few recommendations.The intimation further of semantic concepts could have been implemented in to the campaign idea of using social networking. The application draft idea picked up little blame other than the presentation of the application and its data. If the project was to be undertaken again the use of rhetoric alongside semantic would be heavily prevalent to tap into the internet advertising market alongside the use of websites which cr eating platforms to share videos, blogs and articles.

Modifications to the National School Lunch Program Essay Example for Free

Modifications to the content condition luncheon Program EssayIntroductionRecent modifications made to the National School Lunch Program menu go for caused controversy any across the nation. In last year The National School Lunch program return been under scrutiny and major changes have been made to the ingredients and preparation of aim dejeuneres.The husbandry reports that the all the modifications to the schooling lunches argon focus towards improving the health of all school age children, contributing to the defend against childhood obesity and succinctly to improve the health of all children across the nation. This research would explore the history of the divergent federal agencies involve in the study nutritional services, the close comprehensive changes in the school nutritional environment , the old and new menus choices and how changes are impacting students (National School Lunch Program,NSLP 2012). look into Statement fit in to the Unites States section of floriculture Food and Nutrition Service the recent changes to the National School Lunch program have been an important aid in the take the field against childhood obesity and to help change student eating habits towards a healthier approach.In the last 4 eld the Senate of the United Stated has proposed different legislature changes to the National School Lunch menu al belittleding millions of dollars to contribute towards a healthier approach modifying what student age children are consuming during school hours. The most comprehensive changes have been oriented towards reducing fat, sugar and sodium, and including more than vegetable as part of the daily school cafeteria menu (United States section of Agriculture, USDA 2012).Initial Research QuestionHow the recent changes to the national school lunch program can improve the students health? By analyzing the recent changes to the national school lunch program we allow for be able to compare some of the differences between so me the new and improve school lunch menu and how these changes are impacting students across the nation.Review of literatureThe National School Lunch wager was a law established under the administration of President Harry Truman in 1946. The original purpose of the act was to help local farmers with surplus produce and using these intellectual nourishments to open school age children. After reviewing the principles of the act, members of the senate requested the establishment of a national program that under the guidelines of the National School Lunch Act, would oversee all operations associated with school lunch meals, reason for the creation of the National School Lunch program.The National School lunch program manages one of the largest federally assisted meal programs that generates nutritionally balanced meals free or at low cost to school age children. The national school lunch program takes cash subsides and foods provided by the U.S segment of Agriculture, in return the national school lunch program must meet nutritional federal requirements and most important must offer meals free or at low cost to all student age children. According to reported statistics from the U.S Department of Agriculture the National School Lunch feeds over 30 million students each day (NSLP, 2012) at that place is no doubt that the student nutrition subject has been an important topic of national concern in the history of our country. In 1966, The Child Nutrition Act was a law signed by President Lyndon B Johnson, encouraged by a national concern over nutrition in school age children.The Child Nutrition Act became to be an instrument to facilitate the military operation of meeting nutritional needs of children under the guidelines of the National School Lunch Program. The act also helped established the school based breakfast program providing free breakfast for children in public and nonprofit schools, during the signing of this act prexy Johnson use a famous phrase th at would change forever the futures of national school lunches Good food is essential to good learning (USDA, 2012)U.S Department of Agriculture is a federal funded division who is responsible to all operations in the nation pertaining to farming agriculture and food. Better known as the USDA the incision non only promotes and helps farming and agriculture issues but ensures food safety across the nation. The USDA is one of the oldest federally department created by President Abraham capital of Nebraska in 1862. The USDA oversees a vast amount of operative units in the united states including the USDA Food and Nutritional Services who major goal is to provide healthy food to families in need, the department also collaborate closely with the National School Lunch program providing foods that are of nutritional value (USDA, 2012)On December 13th, 2010 President Obama sign into a law the comfortably, Hunger Free Act of 2010. This act was creating to combat the alarming rates of chi ldhood obesity cases in the U.S. The now law came to update the school meals standards who reflected very little changes in nutrition in the last 15 years, the HHFK Act also had an impact on the USDA, changing the foods providing to the National School lunch program and succinctly reflecting changes in meal nutritional standards in schools across the nation.In the 2009 a review from the work of Medicine recommended several updates to the National School lunch menus, the review found that the school cafeteria menus were not meeting the nutritionary guidelines for school age children stated by the U.S Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Services (Healthy Hunger-Free Act, HHFA 2012)In 2011 the USDA proposed new regulations based on the finding of the Institute of Medicine of the United States. The process of modification of the school cafeteria menus begin slowly but steady on schools across the nation, the changes included consentient grain servings on all meals reduce pu re(a) fat sugar and sodium, and more fresh output and vegetables.Elizabeth Ippel, executive director of The Academy of Global Citizenship in Chicago, talks about the important of nutritions good nutrition is essential and a very integral component to effective learning. The changes are significant and according to Mrs. Ippel the students are responding positive to the modifications (Leamy, 2012) presents an example of a before and after lunch menuBeforeAfterBreaded beef patty on a white roll Baked lean NuggetsFruit popsicleWhole wheat rollLow fat milkMashed potatoesBroccoliPeachesSkim MilkDiscussionOn December 13, 2010 president Obama signed into law 111-296 the Healthy Hunger Free Act of 2010. The act is one of the most comprehensive proposals in the school nutritional environment in over 15 years the main goal of this law is to update school meals nutritional standards to help combat childhood obesity and help students achieve healthy eating habits. ancestry in July 2012 the ne w lunch meal pattern will be in effect changing what students will be consuming during lunch in the school year 2012-2013.The new proposed meal components includes key changes for children K and above, these changes requires that school lunches offer a daily variety of whole grains, fruit and vegetables.In the fruit category, each meal provided by school cafeterias must include cup of fresh, frozen or canned fruits, prepared or compound with water and not syrup. of vegetables on each meal is another requirement in the daily school lunch menus the new regulations required a variety of vegetable groups including blue-blooded green, red/orange, legumes, starchy and other vegetables.On the area of whole grains, breads and cereals are required on each meal as long as the food item includes more than 8 grams of grains. The act has also limit the amount of flavored milks opting for only low fat milk during meals. Calories are also under a scope view limiting the calorie ranges according to age groups. Trans-fat is banned completely from school cafeteria menus and the act has also a plan to limit sodium gradually over the next decade, to reach the goal of keeping sodium at a no more than 600 mg per meal, equal to a diet frozen meal (HHFKA, 2012).The changes in the cafeteria school menu are impacting students and teachers equally, besides of more nutritional value, the new menus now offered more quantity amounts of healthier foods, pleasing the hunger of millions of students and reflecting healthier attitudes in the classrooms. LuAnn Coenen from Appleton Central High School in Wisconsin cheers the new regulations in the cafeteria menus and states Since the introductions of the new food program, I have noticed and immense difference in the behavior of my students in the classroom,I can say without hesitation that its changed my job as principal.It seems that less sugary foods and drinks are impacting students behavior. An associate professor of education at the Leh igh university conducted a study of over 2000 lunchrooms across the nations, the ratiocinations indicated that healthier and less sugary meals carries a calmer atmospheric state in the classroom this calmer demeanor is reflects when students go back to the classrooms creating a trickling effect.Taylor a student from Appleton High commented about the changes she felt since the cafeteria menus changed Id say creation able to concentrate better. Susan Graham principal from Melrose Elementary in Tampa Florida confirms that her discipline referrals have decreased 50 % We get a lot more done, I think its a lot more efficient work environment for all of us, Grahams said (abcnews,2012).Berger (2005) wrote about the importance of a well balanced meal for the proper development of childrens brain development, and how school meal programs played an important rolled in childrens brain development, by providing a well balanced meal while in school children can achieve proper brain development a subsequently their index to learn will be maximized (Berger, 2005).The changes happening in schools cafeterias might seem insignificant, but replacing extra-cheese pizza pie, deep fried chicken for whole wheat pizza and baked fish nuggets, represent a huge step towards making students healthy.Some modifications to the school lunch menu have happened slowly and some inexplicable from students, like replacing full fat cheese with a low fat mozzarella cheese in the pizzas, as well as using whole wheat bread on grill cheese sandwiches. Dr. Saira Jan a Rutgers University Professor (2006) comments on children obesity and diabetes rising numbers Kids choose from what they are offered. They are hungry, they will eat. You can offer carrots or French fries. We have a big health-care problem. We cant just talk about it (Weekly Reader, 2006).ConclusionIn conclusion the overall national concern over childhood obesity and the rising rate of diseases in children related to overweight issues is currently being addressed by different entities in charge of school nutrition. The National School lunch program has and will make modification on the students lunch menu to feed students healthier foods in the effort to fight childhood obesity.Even though there has been mixed opinions about the effectiveness of the lunch menu modifications, the HHFKA guidelines demonstrate howReferences some USDA. (2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ABOUT_USDABerger, Kathleen. (2005).The Developing Person Throughout the Lifespan. 6th ed.Worth. 140-142Child Nutritional Act.(2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-26/pdf/2012-1010.pdf Food Fight Should School Lunches be healthier? Current Events, a Weekly Reader publication,17 Feb.(2006) Retrieved fromHealthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. (2012).United Stat es Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/governance/legislation/cnr_2010.htmQuestions Answers on the Final Rule, Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs(2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Governance/Policy-Memos/2012/SP10-2012osr2.pdfLazor, K., Chapman, N., Levine, E. (2010).No.80. Vol.4. 200-206 Soy Goes to School Acceptance of Healthful, Vegetarian Options in Maryland Middle School Lunches. Journal Of School Health.Leamy, Elizabeth.(2011). Exclusive USDA to Announce Healthier New School Lunch Guidelines. Retrieved from http//abcnews.go.com/Health/ConsumerNews/usda-announce-school-lunch-guidelines/story?id=12603193Mary Bruce. (2010). Coming Soon? Healthier School Lunches. Retrieved from http//abcnews.go.com/Politics/healthier-school-lunches-senate-approves-45-billion-bill/story?id=11345256Mcginn, D., Pop escu, R. (2007).No 150. Vol.17. unfortunate Charms At Lunch. Newsweek. Retrieved from http//mediacast.usw.edu8045/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA169875850v=2.1u=nm_a_elinit=rp=ITOFsw=wNational School Lunch Program.(2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and NutritionService. Retrieved from http//www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Lunch/Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, No 17, Vol.77. (2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-26/pdf/2012-1010.pdfStudents behave better with healthy lunches. (2012). Abc. go. Retrieved fromhttp//abcnews.go.com/GMA/AmericanFamily/story?id=125404page=1

Maritime security requirements Essay Example for Free

maritime hostage sine qua nons EssayMaritime protective cover system refers to the trade protection offered to the shipping industry in a unsophisticated. It refers to the measures interpreted by the government to ensure that the mien, the employers, the employees as hygienic as the equipments in the ports ar well guarded from terrors which face them. The ports face risks which whitethorn arise c allable to unlawful acts done on them or even on the persons stationed in them. Strategic planning to cub any uncertainty is so essential for the well being of a nation and its citizens. The security of a country like the United States is dependent on the security of the worlds oceans.There atomic offspring 18 dissimilar forms of threats which face the ocean security. To attain nautical security, it is thus brisk to combine the efforts of both the public and private sectors globally. Maritime security whitethorn excessively be habitd to refer to the comprehensive se curity for the outside(a) shipping which started functioning on July 2004. It forms part of the IMOs activities. This is a security practice cipher which is exercised in ports which is meant to compliment the planetary ships and the port equipments security.The IMO/ILO code was implemented to offer security for the whole port ara and was approved in March 2004. IMO is an acronym for international ocean organization while ILO refers to the international labor organization. IMO code of practice is not binding and should not replace the laws and regulations of a country. It does not affect the positive rights and principles of the workers as contributed by the ILO document or the workers access to the ports or terminals and even the vessels. The IMO is thus used to provide guidance to fragment countries on how to deal with matters relating to security in the ports.It similarly helps in identifying a governments roles and responsibilities as well as for those of the employers a nd their employees (Pugh, 1994). The main(prenominal) object of the formation of the code of practice relating to security on the ports was to enable all the stakeholders including the government minimize the risks which may be incurred by the port imputable to unlawful acts in the port. It was as well intended to provide a common basis of approach to security on ports amongst affiliated states. This code also sought to extend the area covered by port security to include the whole port.Threats and measures used to combat maritime security Maritime insecurity has been on the rise for the ult few years with terrorists exploitation this human beings to attack nigh countries. This has called for strict measures to ensure such attacks are reduced or eliminated. For maritime security to be attained, a number of plans accommodate to be put in place to address the different forms of maritime security. These plans form the basic urgencys for successful attaining of maritime security . One of the plans which are snappy is a national plan to create and achieve Maritimes field of operations awareness.After creating a national awareness, a global integration of intelligence is crucial and hence its plan. A single country may not be in a position to fight and lead to maritime security thus the need to cooperate with other countries. Other plans are the maritime infrastructure plan and the maritime security plans. The security plans includes the transportation plan, the commerce plan and the facilities plan. in the beginning the formulation of these plans, the country needs to deduce the threats which maritime environment faces (Hawkes, 1989).For a country to formulate the measures it has to take to attain maritime security, it needs to evaluate the threats the oceans are exposed to which in turn affect the countries stability. Different countries devote adopted different measures to ensure that their ports are safe. The most common threats that face the oceans include the threat to the maritime security it egotism. Todays maritime environment is marked by complexity and ambiguity thus making it difficult to maintain and cheer it. This is more pronounced in the maritime environment.This is enhanced by the operations carried out at the sea which exposes the countries to acts of terrorism. These kinds of attack are more dangerous and unmingled military actions may not be effective in fighting them. They thus require other measures and the countries exposed to such threats must device slipway to combat them. Advancement in telecommunications and the expansion of the international and commercial logistics have led to an increase in the range and also the effects which arise due to the terrorist attacks. They have made it possible to enter even the borders considered to be most secure with great speed and for greater distances.Terrorists take advantage of such capabilities and seduce great damage globally and also in the political and econ omic environment (Higgie, 2005). Maritime domain could also be used to export vile goods to other countries thus posing a threat to the other country. Strict measures are thus indispensable to cub this and to ensure that all transported goods are of heights standards and are not harmful to the citizens in a country. Terrorism acts are rampant in the maritime domain. Fighting these threats is becoming more difficult since different terrorist groups from different countries have joined together due to the improved telecommunications.They also operate under the shadows thus making it hard to fight them. Cooperation amongst the member states is required to maintain maritime security. The increasing international trade through the maritime domain has also led to increased maritime related whitlow activities. such(prenominal) activities include smuggling of drugs and weapons to or out of a country. People smuggling has also been on the rise in the maritime domain especially in areas ch aracterized by heavy commercial seas activities. In countries with unstable political environment, this is more rampant.Illegal immigration through the sea has been rampant in the recent past thus posing a major threat to maritime security and also to the economic and political stability of a country (Pugh, 1994). The main objective for the countries faced by these maritime threats is to eliminate or reduce the activities which pose these threats. One of the major steps towards preventing the terrorist attacks and other criminal and unlawful acts is through monitor and controlling or patrolling the maritime borders. High seas areas which are of national interest should be safeguarded.Detecting and stopping criminal activities before they are committed is the main aim of the countries exposed to maritime threats. To be effective in detecting the threats to maritime security, the country has to be aware of the threat and have detective capabilities. such knowledge helps in deterring and also defeating adversaries early enough before much damage have been caused (Higgie, 2005). Another objective of a country in cubing maritime insecurity is by protecting the critical maritime infrastructure and also the related population centers.All the main and important infrastructures both physical and lucre operations should be guarded by military facilities for security purposes. Population should also be controlled so as to make it difficult for people to gather in information which could be used in committing criminal maritime acts. Overcrowding in the ports makes it easier for illegal immigration and smuggling of goods and people. The responsibility of protecting these infrastructures should be taken up by both the private and public sectors. A country should also work towards minimizing the damages which may arise in the maritime domain.Safeguarding the maritime domain and their resources from exploitation is another aim of a country (Pugh, 1994). For a country to a ttain maritime security, there are a number of things or requirement that it has to meet. There are no international standards which have been engraft to control, regulate or maintain maritime security and thus a country has to set its own standards and work towards maintaining maritime securities. However, as mentioned earlier the international maritime organization has set guidelines which a country may apply in transaction with maritime related issues.Attaining maritime security is a continuous activity especially with the emergence of different activities which are posing threats to maritime security. International cooperation and coordination is vital in achieving maritime security. Information sharing and also intelligence assistance are also vital in effective elimination of maritime insecurity. humans and private sectors should also work in cooperation to attain and secure maritime security (Hawkes, 1989). The minimum requirement is the acquiring of an naming menu of mar itime security.This display panel shows that the holder has been checked from his background and thus can work in the port unescorted. This card covers the seafarers and the persons working or who supply oil and gas facilities offshore. This card mainly operates in the Australian waters. For one to qualify to be given unmonitored access to the maritime security zone, one should not have an adverse criminal record and should be a citizen. If he is not a citizen, he must have a right to work in the country. Automatic identification systems are also a requirement in maritime security.These systems are supposed to be installed on commercial vessels which are on international voyage. This may include vessels used in fishing and even passenger vessels which are over 65 in length (Office of the electronic jamming Secretary, 2003). Prescreening lode before freight rate is also another requirement for attaining maritime security. All international cargos should be examined before they ar e allowed into a country to ascertain their safety and to eliminate possibilities of threats. Procedures to carry out action against a cargo suspected to be carrying illegal commodities or terrorists into or out of a country should be formulated.These procedures should be implemented and implement to reduce the possibility of a repeat of the same action. Seizing cargo procedures should also be implemented and streamlined for easier confiscation of the goods or persons (Bahar, 2007). One of the vital requirements in achieving maritime security is by enhancing international cooperation amongst the member states. The oceans cover more than two thirds of the earths surface. As such, no single country can achieve maritime security on its own. Cooperation with other countries is thus a vital tool in achieving maritime security.Countries which are interested in attaining maritime security and are willing to fight terrorism and other maritime crime come together to device ways to combat t hese crimes. These countries should attempt to understand the threats and prioritize them according to there urgency. Unified actions and plans are then implemented to reduce maritime insecurity (Hawkes, 1989). To enhance this cooperation, the nations should endeavor to standardize international security to ensure that all the goods and people going to a country through the maritime domain are not a threat to the citizens that country.The use of automated systems should be implemented to register maritime vessels, their ownership and also their operations. The crew operating them should also be registered as well as the cargo being transported to enhance transparency. The member states should also develop a mutual fund ensure effective and efficient implementation of measures to interdict criminals before the damages are done. The means of rapid exchanges amongst the government and intelligence agencies should also be enforced by the law and suspected criminals should be persecuted .Streamlined procedures should also be adopted to verify vessels nationality so as to take appropriate enforcement measures on time (Bahar, 2007). Another requirement for maritime security is the foreign vessel security plans. This requirement has a provision that members of SOLAS are not required to produce their security plans to coast guards for their vessels to be approved. However, those who are not affiliated to this group of SOLAS have to produce their security plans before being allowed to enter into a country. Their security plan should also comply with the measures which are stipulated in the trade agreement.SOLAS is an acronym for safety of life story at seas. A vessel not complying with these requirements is denied entrance to a country. This is in operation in the united stated (Office of the Press Secretary, 2003). Vessel security plans is also another requirement for ensuring maritime security. All vessels are required to have security plans before being allowed to m ove in the American waters. This requirement barely exempts vessels which carry less than one hundred and fifty passengers without considering the number of overnight passengers in the vessel.Other vessels exempted in this provision are the drilling units which are non self propelling and are operated offshore. Industrial vessels like the dredges are also exempted from the security plans provision for vessels. Facilities are supposed to come up with their individual plans for security. Exempted in this requirement are facilities which yet service the passenger vessels but whose vessels do not carry passengers. Others are the public access facilities which are purely used for diversion and retail purposes by the public. Vessels which the public uses for entertainment and tourist purposes are also exempted.The owners and the operators of these exempted facilities are held responsible and are supposed to implement necessary security measures. These measures are supposed to comply wi th the area security plan (Office of the Press Secretary, 2003). These requirements are made possible and viable by offering assistance and training to the maritime security operators. Economic assistance is also vital in ensuring that maritime security among the nations is attained. Another way that the governments have done to ensure maritime security is maintained is by expanding the international port and maritime security officer programs.This ensures that the diverse threats posed by unlawful acts are minimized and awareness is created. The number of agency attaches has also been increased (Pugh, 1994). Deploying layered security is also another requirement for ensuring that maritime security is achieved and maintained. A system of layered security ensures that the capabilities of the member governments and those of commercial interests are integrated globally. Both the public and the private sectors can help in controlling terrorism activities if they could act in concert.The se two sectors may use diverse though complementary measures to eliminate the criminal acts instead of relying on the government alone. A layered approach is not a stable approach but keeps on being improved. These changes serve to create uncertainty thus reducing the possibility of terrorist attacks. This approach is mainly used in the most vulnerable areas like the marine transportation sector, passenger and cargo ferrying, staff and also in conveyances. It is also effective in ports and also the route of transportation (Bahar, 2007).Maximizing domain awareness is a vital tool in eliminating threats and maintaining peace and security in the maritime environment. Understanding the trends and all the events in a domain helps to predict likely events and also the possible threats facing a certain domain. Prior knowledge of the threats is important for securing the security of a maritime domain and also helps in reducing detrimental events. In trying to gain knowledge of the possible threats, the government and all the stakeholders should aim at trying to understand who their enemies are and their capabilities and also their goals. itemors influencing their behavior and also their organizational structure should be analyzed. A vital area is learning the adversarys weak points and also the centers of their gravity. This knowledge is used in planning the course of action and also in deciding and prioritizing the allocation of resources. Awareness of maritime domain thus helps in earlier identification of threats and thus prompts appropriate actions to be taken to prevent such attacks (Higgie, 2005). Conclusion Maritime security as discussed above is not only vital to the seas environment but also affects the whole country and the world in general.No single country is immune to maritime threats and as such, all the countries should work together to attain maritime security. Creating awareness may be costly but should be advocated for to ensure that terrorist attac ks and other criminal and hostile acts are recognized and deterred. Stern measures should be undertaken by the international body concerned with maritime security on countries that collude or allow terrorist to operate from their waters. Those convicted of violating maritime security should be persecuted and heavy punishment imposed so as to deter others from engaging in similar acts.However, while dealing with matters relating to maritime security, superfluous care should be taken. Damages caused by criminal acts via maritime domain may be devastating thus caution should be exercised. The countries should also assay at protecting the maritime domain from exploitation so as to preserve the ecosystem of the country as well as that of the aquatic life.ReferenceBahar M. (2007) Attaining best Deterrence at Sea A Legal and Strategic Theory for Naval Anti-Piracy Operations Journal article of Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 40 Hawkes K. G.(1989) Maritime Security. ISBN 087 033395X. Published by Cornell Maritime Press Higgie D. (2005) Combating Terrorism Dell Higgie Surveys the International Counter-Terrorism Scene. Journal article of New Zealand International Review, Vol. 30 Office of the Press Secretary. (2003) Fact Sheet Maritime Security Requirements. Retrieved on 10th December 2008 from, http//www. dhs. gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0282. shtm. Pugh M. C. (1994) Maritime Security and Peacekeeping A Framework for United Nations Operations. ISBN 0719045630. Published by Manchester University Press