Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology Essay

Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology Essay microbic evolution causes an increase in a microorganisms size and population repress and can be studied using green goddess and persisting culture mediums (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 112)Batch culturesNutrient consumption and build up of toxic by-products s diminished worst and stop the proceeds of bacterium. One method to avoid this is to use batch culture establishment. This involves culturing bacteria in liquid medium within a unopen system where no fresh medium is added during the brooding period and hence the nutrient concentration declines and waste products accumulate during the harvest-tide of bacteria (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137).The microorganisms sick by binary fission and their growth can be expressed as the logarithm of booth number and can be plotted against incubation time. This result in a curve that has 4 distinct phases as shown in Figure 1 (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113)Figure 1 Curve showing phases of growth for batch cultures (taken from Tortora et al. 1992)Lag Phase- when microorganisms be introduced into fresh culture medium no increase in cell number or mass occurs. This marks the startle of the Lag Phase which is necessary as the cells may be old and depleted of ATP, certain essential cofactors and ribosome, the medium may be different from the peerless that the microorganism was growing in previously, or the microorganism may have suffered injuries and may need time to recover (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).Length of the Lag Phase varies depending on factors such as age of culture, temperature changes and differences between old and new media. When cells are transferred from a complex medium to a fresh complex medium rung phase is very short, whereas when cells are transferred from complex medium into a minim whollyy defined medium, lag phase is protracted (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137).Exponential Phase- during this phase the pass judgment of growth of microorganisms is constant and they divide and become double in number at regular intervals and at the maximal array possible given their communicable potential, nature of the medium and the conditions of growth (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).As batch cultures are not synchronous every cell has an equal generation time and each cell divides at a different moment, as hence the cell number rises smoothly. When the medium is abruptly changed nutritional downshifts or nutritional upshifts cause cells experiencing balanced exponential growth to be thrown into metabolic chaos that is unbalanced growth (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 138). Exponential phase cultures are used in biochemical and physiological studies as the population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physiological characteristics during this phase (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).Stationary Phase- during this phase the growth curve becomes hor izontal as growth of the population ceases. Bacteria enter this phase at a population level of around cells per ml. The total number of viable organisms re chief(prenominal)s constant imputable to a balance between cell division and cell death or because the population ceases to divide but still remains metabolically active. Microbial populations enter the stationary phase due to reasons such as nutrient limitations, oxygen availability and accumulation of toxic waste products (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 114).Death Phase- characteristic accept of this phase is decline in the number of viable cells due to nutrient deprivation and buildup of toxic wastes. The death of a microbial population is logarithmic. The extended survival of the fittest of particularly resistant cells may reduce the death rate (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 114). In this phase the number of cells that die during a given time period is comparative to the number of cells that existed at the beginning of the time period (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 138).Advantages of using batch culturesThey allow versatility and can be used for many different reactions (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They are safe and do not pose a threat of strain mutation (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They ensure complete conversion of substrate (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).The changing conditions during the use of batch cultures affect the physiology and growth of bacteria and hence high uplight the ability of bacteria to adapt to its environment (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137).Disadvantages of using batch culturesUse of batch cultures requires exceedingly skilled labor thus increasing labor costs (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).Use of batch cultures is time consuming (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).According to Xuezhen Kang (2000) changing concentrations of products and reactants, varying pH and oxidoreduction potential makes interpretation of results difficult.Accordin g to Xuezhen Kang (2000) complicated mix of growing, dying and dead cells also makes interpretation difficult.Continuous culturesIn a continuous culture system the microorganisms are grown in an open system where constant environmental conditions are maintained through continuous provisions for new nutrients and removal of waste. This allows the microbial population to remain in exponential growth phase and at a constant biomass concentration for an extended period of time (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).2 main types of continuous culture systemsChemostat- this system ensures that sterile medium containing essential nutrients in limiting quantities is fed into the culture vessel at the same rate as the medium containing the microorganism is removed (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).The growth rate of microorganisms is determined by the rate at which new medium is fed into the growth chamber. The final cell density depends on the concentration of the lim iting nutrient (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).Dilution rate D is used to express the rate of nutrient exchange and is defined as the rate at which medium flows through the culture vessel relative to the vessel volume. f represents flow rate and V represents volume of the vessel (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).D=f/Vf (ml/hr) and V(ml)(Lansing M. Prescott et al.1990, 1993, p. 120)Microbial population levels and generation time depend on the dilution rate. As the dilution rate increases generation time shortens and growth rate rises. downstairs these conditions the limiting nutrient will be almost completely depleted and it begins to rise at higher dilution rates as there are few microorganisms present to use it. At low dilution rate a rise in both cell density and growth rate occur (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).Turbidostat- involves a photocell that measures the turbidity of the culture in the growth vessel. The rate of flow of the media through the growth vessel is automatically regulated to maintain a predetermined turbidity. Here the dilution rate remains constant and there is no limiting nutrient in the culture. The turbidostat operates best at high rates of dilution (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).Advantages of using continuous culturesThey allow good utilization of the bioreactor and ensure low labor costs (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They are efficient and ensure high and constant productivity due the autocatalytic nature of microbial reaction taking place (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They allow detailed analysis of microbial physiology at different growth rates as all cells of the population achieve a steady state and hence has significant industrial and research applications (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 139).The situation in a chemostat resembles the growth of bacteria in nature where the growth rates are very low (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 140).According to Xuezhen Kan g (2000) their use eliminates the lag the organism experiences before going into high productivity.Disadvantages of using Continuous CulturesSometimes they fail to produce results due to infection and mutations of microorganisms that result in production of non producing strains (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).Use of these cultures requires downstream equipments to be designed for low volumetric rates and continuous operation (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).In conclusion, we see that both culture mediums have their advantages and disadvantages and while using either one, these should be kept in mind.

Discount stores and the difference between variety stores

Discount salt aways and the difference between variety storesA fire storeis a type ofstore, which sells products at valueslower than those asked by most of the retail outlets. Most of the discount department stores offer a wide variety of products other stores set in merchandise such as electronic equipment, or electrical appliances.Discount stores atomic number 18 not a type ofvariety stores, which sell goods at a single price- head teacher or may be multiples thereof.Discount stores atomic number 18 different from variety stores in that they do sell m all(a) name-brand products because of its wide price range of the items offered. Discount stores are very(prenominal) popular in theUnited Statesthan any other countries. In the beginning, number of retail establishments in the U.S. started pursuing a very high-volume, low-profit-margin dodging designed to entice price-conscious consumers. CurrentlyWal-Mart, the largest retailer in the world, operates more than 1,300 discount s tores in the U.S.Wal-Marts top adversarys are target and K-mart.Porter states thatThe nucleotide of any problem lies in lack of distinguishing between strategy and operation effectivenessThe race for productivity, quality and speed has resulted in steering tools and techniques, TQM benchmarking, time-based competition, outsourcing, reengineering as soundly as change management.In any musical arrangement, strategic management is the key to success. There are more theories based on the assumption that without a sensible strategy and planning, its difficult for any industry to survive irrespective of the size it throw off. It is very necessary to understand here that all of the major corporate organizations have finally established themselves, thanks to superior planning of strategies and its implementation.Retail IndustryThe retail industry is becoming a news everywhere with not all the traditional industries incrementing their outlets besides about major corporate industri es also entering into this industry like Fresh Reliance of RelianceIndustries and more of Aditya Birla Group in India. Strategic decisions are the decisions that are aimed at differentiating the organization from its competitors in any way that is sustainable and profitable in the forthcoming. Porter strongly advocates in the system that that decisions in business can be simply classified as strategic if they involve some of the innovation and difference that resulted in sustainable advantage. fit in to Patrick Hayden about the sell industry, it adopted the style of discount retailing on its merchandise after the World War 2. It is learnt that discounting in retail was not any strategy at the time Kmart, Target and Wal-Mart first started their business.Wal martWal mart is known as the giant in retail industry. It has survived for very long and is motionless a huge enterprise in the world which use to deal with almost every product, apparel, etc.Sam Walton, started a company and with time became leader in discount retailing. It is largest company in the history of world.Wal-Mart executives continue to follow many of the philosophies that Sams legacy left behind, while simultaneously keeping one step ahead of the changing technology and methods of todays fast-paced business environmentWal-Mart became successful because of its good Strategy as well as good Strategy Implementation. In 1962, Sam Walton undecided the first Wal-Mart store in Rogers, Arkansas. At that time, no one could have predicted the enormous success of Wal mart. Sam Waltons talent and discount retailing made Wal-Mart the worlds largest retailer, as well as, the worlds best retailer in sales.Philosophy for a successful company not only sound strategic management decisions are required, but also innovative implementation of those strategic decisions is necessary.Wal-mart business modelIt offers cheap prices than its competitors and differ with them in frugal culture, no regional offices p leasant environment to work. rafts of visits are made by the management and the point to be noted is there are no rehearsals before any meeting and meeting are scheduled mostly on Saturday. In every organization, human resource is the key for its development and in Wal-Mart efficient management of its sources is done. Wal-Mart terms its employees as associates. payment for managers are linked to the profit of store operated by them, within promotions, compensation offered to associates depends on companys profits they make and they are also offered some incentives on their death penaltys.Wal-Marts hands is not unionized and the company takes all the measures and advantages for their benefits. They provide their workforce with training on related issues. Technology plays vital role in development of the organization Wal-Mart is well equipped with technological innovations like store performance tracking, POS, real time marketresearch, satellite system UPC.Wal-Mart followed proc urement measures like voteless-nosed negotiations, partnerships with some of the vendors, planning packets, centralized and simplified buying, etc. helps at large the cause of which provides the goods services on cheap prices to the customers.The margin of profit for Wal-Mart was very high, the factors are their inwardlogisticswith frequent replenishment, highly technology driven business model, pick to flight, EDI, hub and spoke system. The strategy of operation by wal mart is innovative and highly creative with largish stores in small towns, as they got monopoly in the market at comparatively low rental costs, concentric and efficient expansion, based on local prices, trade in their brand name, private labels of the area, store within store, much little space for inventory, etc. In relation to marketing and sales, merchandising was tailored from locals ,they pass less on advertising and the prices were fixed low and it uniquely depends on the store manager and he was the one who fixed the latitude of pricing.If we combine all the above factors together, the margin of profits was increased finished bulk sales and further which also boosted the confidence of the customers by providing them various services like point of sale information system which was a new technology driven and the most unique everyday low prices.Strategies used Wal-Mart made strategic and tactical maneuver attempts in its formulation or procedure to dominate the retail market where it is having its presence, experiencing growth by expansion in the US. Internationally, wal mart created widespread name credit entry and it focused on high customer satisfaction in relation to its brand name and branched itself by doing mergers and acquisions to new profitable new sectors of retailing.The strategies called generic wine strategies consisting of Focus Strategy, where foc apply to the niche market is the main objective, the Differentiation Strategy where product differentiation is done an d finally the overall cost leadership are adopted by the retail company wal-mart. Any organizations thrive hard to become successful for which it mostly needs to have better resources and superior capabilities. Wal-Mart retail company operates on low price strategy where prices are low and operated as every day low prices (EDLP) which builds efficient trust among the customers.The strategy follows purchasing the product at lower prices and selling the product to customer at much lower prices, price cutting is done as far as possible and increases its profit by increasing the number of sales.Discount retailing strategy by Wal-mart Price spinAccording to Porter, operational effectiveness of the strategy and efficiency are the basic key elements for the success of any organization. A company can easily outperform its competitors in the market with its superior management real efficient control hence creating a difference from the others(its competitors) which eventually results into enticing customers. Porter defines operational effectiveness in strategy as performance of similar kind of activities as its rivals but difference in its betterment than themWal-Mart is an expert in changing and manipulating perceptions. It is actually termed that low price in retailing is not the strategy of Wal-Mart but still the advertisement manipulates the perceptions of the customer by making them think and perceive that its prices are in actual lower than others ( its competitors )price using price spin.Wal-Mart by manipulating makes the consumer stick and addicted coming to its retail store making them convinced that the prices are actually lower than in other stores (its competitors) by selling itself cheaper by advertising thatwe have lower prices than anyone else and placing a opening price point.The opening price point is the lowest price in the store which is kept at high visibility which makes consumer believes that the products in this store are really cheaper.The SW OT analysis of the retail company Wal-Mart clearly reveals that it is the most justly retail brand, has reputation for money, value, commitment it provides a wide range of products. It is growing incremnetly at a brisk pace along with expanding its horizon to other separate of the world through various acquisition and merger.Sustainability at the top place is a very important job that makes the managers strive hard to frame the policies, future intentuions and strategy to compete confidently with its rivals in the market. Imitation, Substitution and Hold-up are some of the threats to any organization in the retail industry.Imitation increments profits by incrementing the supply. scarce imitation mostly puts reputation and relationship at stake. The report by James Hall states that Wal-Mart is planning to open some convenience stores as Tesco its competitor has already started and operating in US now known as Fresh Easy Neighborhood Markets.Such tactics and strategies will create combine and variable responses among the consumers while demolishing the reputation of the leader in the market. Substitution is the strategy that reduces the require for what any firm uniquely provides by shifting its demand elsewhere due to changes and alterations in technology. The threats in the case of substitution can be subtle unexpected like we can say diminishing expenses through video conferencing and some other means instead of air flights to be made for long distance meetings with the managers of other stores, etc. Therefore, substitution is a very effective way of attacking dominant and strong rivals in the market. Substitution offers various mixed responses after identifying and understanding the market threats. The organization should fight hard to the threat can go for merging with them, and also can go for switching to different options and alternatives of substitution to be in the market.Hold-up basically diverts the value to customers, its suppliers or comple mentary partners who have some bargaining leverage or abilities which results in very tough negotiations, contractual agreements as well as can be vertical integration.Wal-Mart is expanding its boundaries by way of acquisition and mergers also. Thus Wal-Mart retail company with such a vast and huge network of stores and alliances as compared its competitors ASDA, Target and many other stores is very well protected enough to sustain and continue its top position in the retail industry.

Tourism Industry in the Mauritius

holidaymakerry Industry in the MauritiusChapter 1 adit1.0 IntroductionTourism was the third backb adept of the Mauritian deliverance after the E.P.Z.(export processing zone) manu eventuring bena and Agriculture. It has contri excepted signifi drive outtly to economic growth and has been a key factor in the overall maturement of Mauritius since the years 1995 onwarf atomic number 18ds. In the historical two decades holi daylight re encloser arrivals variety magnitude at an average annual locate of 9 % with a corresponding enlarge of about 21% in touristry receipts. Tourist arrivals render been expanding consequently, thitherof rising from 103,000 in 1977 to 656,450 in 2000, a more than 600% increase. About 67% of the tourist arrivals atomic subroutine 18 of European origin, with France supplying to the highest degree half. The tightby Reunion French Territory is the about all important(p) short haul source market accounting for about 13% of total tourist arr ivals. Asian re cheeknts provided 6% of tourist arrivals, al some half of which originated from the Indian Sub-Continent.The world hold up and Tourism council (WTTC) affirmd that impress and touristry was estimated at 9.3 % in 2010 and is evaluate to bound up to 9.7% by 2020. This add pass on befriend to create an additional 66 one thousand thousand jobs by 2020, in which 50 million jobs should be created in Asia and hence help to decrease world poverty. The longer-term prospects for Travel Tourism remain positive, boosted by rising prosperity in Asia. The WTTC remains confident that the Travel and Tourism worry leave behind remain a dynamic force for wealth and job creation all over the world.The touristry constancy does non cease to grow patronage the enigmas that it has encountered in the past years, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the credit crunch, terrorism, continuous change magnitude gasolene prices and the famous avian flu (bird flu). The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) states that touristry recovered strongly in 2010 according to the Advance Release of the unite Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). Tourist arrivals were up by almost 7% to 935 million, fol impressioning the 4% decay in 2009 the year hardest hit by the spherical economic crisis (http//www.unwto.org)Tourism has become one of the most important towboat and the most r reddenue generating use in umteen wasted island developing states. It has become the source of job creation and tax income for slim islands inhabitants. A change in the tourism demand for an island may energise a major(ip) intrusion on the Gross Domestic harvest-festival (total value of goods and services produced in a clownish during a certain period of time, usually one year), the budget and the agreement of Payments.Most handsome islands genius adopted tourism overdue to a lack of cultivation opportunities. The end of the ordinal century marked the beginning of the tou rism as the main pillar of small islands economies (Bonte 2006), as it is the shift for Mauritius. In large part, islands and cruises establish become the most wanted vacation for tourists (Harrison, 2004). Tourism is a mean to reach economic development and economic growth, exclusively is besides a way to destroy its resources (Bonte, 2006). The Barcelona field say (2006) states that it is not just necessary to satisfy tourism demands, barg merely if also to cater for its unchange adequate development. Indeed, tourism does not render only positive impacts, just now does consent adverse make on the environment and on the legion community. The development of high school volume tourism facilities without adequate consideration to impacts, has created many tourism disasters (Smith and Edington 1992). Aooay (2003) states that tourism is not only dreaming landscapes on postcards, the societal reality is different driving of population and dis take c beance of local savoir faire, begging, prostitution, folkorisation of cultures and rituals.Tourism has suffered from serious health c boot outs including the foot and mouth di sease in 2001in join Kingdom, the utter(a) acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic in 2003 and the bird flu that started to expand in June 2002 (www.who.int.csr/sars/en). Tourism has also been impacted by some(prenominal) earthy disasters including earthquakes, flooding, wild fires, hurri supportes and the most annihilative Tsunami in December 2004 which caused virtually 218000 finishs and to this day, other subjective calamities, was one still having a satisfying impact upon the tourist driving force and the tourism exertion worldwide.It is a fact, not only in words and also visually that the cultivated cabbage fag ende application is quickly cosmos replaced by tourism activities. withal since Mauritius is entirely banking on the tourism sedulousness for economic revenue, the question is what could happen to Mauritius if the tourism firmament saw a rapid crepuscule or even an imminent death. One need to bear in mind that Mauritius is not the only country around the world oblation this type of product and the fact that Mauritius is fit(p) very far from the targeted market combined with an increase in air f ar or/and tourism terrors or even graphic calamities, what toilet be do so that the future generation in relation to tourism development does not become black. This present dissertation tries to address the respective(a) issues that could cause the death of tourism if not remedied1.1 Problem StatementMauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean. The islands most important revenue in the eighties was sugar cane creation exported to European Countries. Nowadays it relies mostly on the tourism sector and tourism is being considered as its main pillar. The tourism industry is in fact a very boylike one, having emerged only in the last decade in many countries of the world. r egister has shown that tourism and its development have impacted in some ways, on every(prenominal)thing and everyone that is has touched. Ideally, these impacts should be positive in terms of benefits to terms and their residents but on the other side of the coin, this is not always the simulation. check to Leonard A. Jackson (2006), local batchs rebellion, environmental damages, cultural intimacy are good examples of shun impacts of tourism. Sugar cane fields are now being replaced by bare-ass projects much(prenominal) as the Integrated Resort scheme of Tamarina and Bagatelle at Pailles, catering for the tourism sector.This present own out is being done in ensnare to break the threats to tourism, its weaknesses and eventually try to evaluate whether the tourism industry entrust face an end like the Sri Lanka whose Balance of Payment was in short drop curtain after the tourism injections in the economy fell after the war started between the Government and the Liberat ion Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers)1.2 perplexThe pack of this present study is to rate whether the tourism industry in Mauritius could face a possible end.1.3 ObjectivesIn line with the problem statement and the aim of this work, the following objectives were formulated give away the importance of the tourism sector in Mauritius and the latters dependency on it.To Identify the threats to the tourism industry and its impacts there on.To identify the threats that are relevant to Mauritius and its tourism industry.To assess whether Mauritius is at risk of those threats.To identify possible ways of mitigating those impacts.1.4 Research structureThe study was classified into different chapters with the following purposesChapter 1- IntroductionTo introduce the subject, to define the problem, aims and objectives of the search and outline the different chapters.Chapter 2- Literature examineTo give a brief account of previous research made in the field of threats to the tourism se ctor concentrating on small island developing states.Chapter 3- Saving the tourism industryTo analyse the strengths of small islands and the factors that may save the tourism industry.Chapter 4- methodologyTo outline the main go taken to carry out this present research, providing details on the type of study used, its advantages and disadvantages, the questions set for interviewing targeted respondents and the limitations to the study.Chapter 5- Data analysis and materialiseingsTo analyse and discuss the ensues obtained from respondentsChapter 6- Conclusion and recommendationsTo say the most important findings and to bring an end to the study and from the previous chapters to suggest any possible actions that could be considered in the near future.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.0 A globose perspective of the tourism industry.Shorter working hours, greater individual prosperity, faster and less expensive travel, and the impact of locomote technology has all helped to make the l eisure and tourism industry the fastest growing industry in the world (Edgell, Sr., 1990).Tourism has become a thrive industry in the twentieth century, where destinations mostly rely on their inbred and some manmade resources to make up their tourism industry. It is nowadays a principal member for economic development and growth. match to Lim (1997) and Crouch (1996), the economic impact of tourism has rendered the tourism industry to be considered as one of the most highly significant and integral part of every national economy. Whilst the economic impact and the contribution of the tourism industry to a country is widely ac fill outledged, it is also an industry which creates thousands of jobs and a source of foreign win over earnings. Let alone the positive benefits, it is also an industry that brings along many negative impacts on host communities.2.1 Threats to the tourism industry2.1.1 CompetitionRecently, many countries have constantly been competing for tourism. One p ossible branch approach to the definition of competition is to consider competition a process of resources scattering (Loch et al. 2001). In a market, the people, firms, organisations, industries will tend to use only the very little resources to stay alive in a co operation market, but will make custom of full resources when they are in an extreme competitive market. Competition is also highly dependent on the availability of resources and the flake of individuals, firms and organisations who wish to travail those resources, but as the basic economic problem states, wants are unlimited but resources are scarce, thus individual tend to exploit the resources more that they should. This will result in the population being suffering as stated by Bahn and Flenley(1992) the rise of competition can lead to such(prenominal) a catastrophic imbalance that the final consequence might be the extinction of the population and the tourism industry as a whole.Competition should not only be seen as a way of boosting a market but if the competition is not well managed or even if policies with regards to competition are not clear, there may be a pro invigorationration of tourism activities which could be to the detriment of the host community. For example the growth of hotels on the coast lines may judge to be beneficial to a countrys economy in the short term and long term if managed properly. However, if there are no proper guidelines on competition, it can become a nightmare for countries as host communities could feel alienated.2.1.2 Increasing petrol pricesThe first months of 2008 witnessed the considerable increase in oil prices where it reached a playscript price of $ one hundred per barrel. Prices were predicted to increase to 140$ in June 2008 (BBC, 2008). This continuous increase in the year 2008 was due to the increase demand for travelling (according to the law of demand, as demand increases, price increases) because of globalization and increase in travell ing resulting from an increase in the number of people, firms and organisations wishing to exploit resources. Moreover, the increase in price of petrol has caused an increase in tickets for travelling. An increase in air fares have caused a fall in the tourist arrival. Thus one can say that the increasing petrol prices may be one of the threats to the tourism industry because it is linked with the increase in petrol prices and an increase in air fares.2.1.3 Criminality rate, shimmer and friendly factorsNtuli(1998) described nuisance as a universal social phenomenon in that it threatens the safety and security of the people, property, their find of well being, as well as social order.The case of Mrs. Harte being killed in her hotel room at the Legends Hotel, for a couple of dollars, when being on honey moon, is one which may be said to be unforgiveable. Mauritius is a famous worldwide known destination for weddings and honey moons. This crime is detrimental for its tourism indu stry. This news was broadcasted a a few(prenominal) hours only after the crime had been committed, on several channels under the Breaking News titles and had it Murdered honeymooner Michaela McAreavy (Harte) was strangled over a purse containing a small amount of cash.(www.news.sky.com). This was broadcasted around the world and Mauritians were soon pointed out in lots of countries. The words of the husband inspire more sadness saying She was my life. The media was very quick at propagating the bad news and bad press and such publicity is not what a tourism destination wants. This act is in fact one of the great threat to the Mauritians tourism industry. Tourists who were forecasting to getting married in Mauritius have surely cancelled their reservations as soon reading about this tragedy outspread around the whole world and this is witnessed in Ntuli (2000) who order that nowadays, crimes committed against tourist is be approaching more and more detrimental to the tourism ind ustry of a destination.As mentioned earlier, and supported by Giddens (1990) who stated that crimes committed to travellers has an impact on many categories of people, because a negative cognizance of tourists at a destination is often report in the media or even tourist themselves to friends and families and this causes a negative word of mouth being spread as it is genuinely the case for the death of Mrs Harte. The host country will thus be badly marketed and tourist arrivals will decline as supported by Ntuli (2000).On the other hand, in a few countries like Bahamas, the heads of states think that even if the criminality rate is a worry to many Bahamians, it is not a threat to tourism, according to an official at the U.S. Embassy in Nassau (www.jonesbahamas.com). Dr Hardt, from the US embassy stated that there is now more than 200 police officers are now open to prevent crimes on tourists and that the new priorities have been stretched out concerning those crimes. From the abo ve, one can say that crimes may not be an imminent threat to the tourism industry, provided that there is enough security officers and aims and objectives set. fun is often viewed as a booster for the economy of a country because usually the positive impacts of gabling outweighs the negative ones(Stokowski, 1996). Several studies such as Perdue, et al.(1995), Roehl(1994) suggest that free rein is profitable to a country because it generates a high profitability and contributes in job creation and a revenue for the policy-making relation in terms of taxes.On the other hand, Tosun(2002) raise that gambling results in crimes and social disruption and usually creates very bad effects for the country as a whole. Studies showing the negative aspect of gambling are various, such as Caneday et al.(1991) and Stokowski(1996). Thus the negative results from gambling should not be forgotten. prostitution and tourists attacks result from gambling. People find that tourists are a cash cow an d attack them and stealth their belongings so as to have silver to gamble because gambling is like a drug. Prostitution is also generated from gambling. It is such that where the tourism industry is developing, those countries do have a good proportion of its population with very low income and tourists are seen as stated above , cash cows. Hence prostitution is the result of poor economic development and an easy way of making money and tourists have the spending military unit to such activity but it is important to note that most tourists do not like gambling and seing people prostituting themselves give them a sense of vulnerable surroundings and disgust. This has an adverse impact on word of mouth spreading. An example of the negative impacts of gambling is the state of Nevada in the United States where it depends such(prenominal) on gambling. The statistics for this state are astonishing. This state is the one which has the highest number of road accident, suicide and crimi nality rate (Vaknin, 2007).Gambling is related to criminality rate according to Vaknin(2007). When one duologue about gambling, one may understand crimes, addiction, drug and accidents. Those impacts should be carefully monitored even if gambling brings much economic development for a country (Perdue et al 1995).Drug intake and thefts are also becoming common nowadays in Mauritius. Thousands of complaints are lodged at police displace concerning thefts and in this context, many tourists are attacked for their money or valuable belongings. Drug intake make more and more individual go on stealing to obtain their doses and such social factors should be tackled in order to prevent the end of tourism in Mauritius.2.1.4 Political instability, civil wars, riots and demonstrationsPolitical instability is a situation where a semi semi semipolitical sympathies has been toppled, or is controlled by factions following a coup, or where basic functional pre-requisites for social-order control and maintenance are unstable and periodically disrupted. (Cook, 1990). Wilson(1996), on the other hand, defines a stable country as if the regime is durable, military force and turmoil are limited, and the leaders stay in office for several years. The link between governmental vehemence and instability in Hall et al.(1996) definition of political instability as a situation in which conditions and mechanisms of brass and rule are challenged as to their political legitimacy by elements operating from outside of the normal operations of the political system. When challenge occurs from within a political system and the system is able to adapt and change to meet demands on it, it can be said to be stable Challenging in order to govern a country or even those who do not follow the actual political system is often solved by ferocity political violence. Thus political instability and political violence are two words that can be used as synonyms.Lancaster(1971) states that tourists enj oy many different advantages that a destination offers, rather than sticking to only one advantage. Tourists can and will shift easily to another destination unless the attractions to that country are unique in the world. In other words, a tourist will go to a destination for its sea, sun and sand like it is the case for Mauritius and may shift destination if he wants unless there is only those 3s in Mauritius but it is not the case because Maldives, Seychelles offer nearly the same tourism product.Richter and Waugh(1986) state that tourism is frequently an early fortuity of internecine warfare, revolution, or even prolonged labour disputes. Even if the tourist areas are secure () tourism may decline precipitously when political conditions appear unsettled. Tourists simply choose alternative destinations. Taking the above example, even if Mauritius offered the unique sea, sun and sand in the world, tourism in Mauritius will be yen if there is political violence. This shows to wha t extent political instability may cause the end of the tourism industry in Mauritius such as the case of Egypt which belatedly through severe political violence resulting in its tourism industry falling drastically.Richter and Waugh(1989) argued that tourism is for sure a political phenomenon it will decrease sharp when political circumstance turns unstable. In 1994 Hall published his book Tourism and Political Science where he asserts that stable government is a must for attracting internationalist tourists, even the decisive factor for the successful development of tourism (Hall, 1994).In case of political violence, tourism being a sensitive product and thence tourists arrivals will continue to go down for a long period of time. Tourists will only come back to this special(prenominal) country only when he has overthrowd this idea of violence from his mind, but it might take many years. Countries with a negative image due to past events of violence often attempt to alter th eir image with aggressive advertising campaigns trying to portray themselves as entirely safe destinations (Snmez et al.1999). Scott(1988) showed the massive work done by tourism authorities unitedly with travel agents and tour operators to redress the country of Fiji where there was two military coups on tourism. Teye(1986) and Richter and Waugh (1986) state that the effects of political violence or instability on tourism is likely to have a spill over effects on surrounding countries but Hall and OSullivan(1996) found that both the Solomon Islands and North Queensland, found near Fuji, said that they were safe regional alternatives compared to the military coup in Fiji. (See appendix A)Many articles have examined the impact of war on tourism. Most of them have shown that war has a negative impact in the short run (Radnic, 1999, Mihalic, 1996). In the long run, wars may have a positive impact in the sense that tourists are attracted to a destination to see the scenes of war (Weave r, 2000). To measure the impact of war, one may use the number of overnight stays, beds or tourists, but experts have not attempted to measure the economic impact resulting from a fall in tourism. Wars can increase the perception of a tourist in the risk that he supportes while choosing a destination.Hostilities, demonstrations and acts of violence, for example between the Palestinians and Israelis, have often discouraged tourists from visiting Israel for the past 40 years. Besides, Israel is located in the affection of the Middle East, tourists tend to avoid visiting this country during every period of crisis in the surroundings.Riots are also one of those factors which can put an end to the tourism Industry. The case of Tunisia may be taken for example. While most Tunisians were celebrating the victory president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the countrys tourism industry witnessed a massive negative impact from the riots and tourists had to be evacuated of the country. While Presiden t Ben Ali was a totalitarian leader, tourists from Europe and the Arab world kept streaming to the country at an ever-increasing rate. yet few of the arrivals even know that Tunisia was a dictatorship even if they came year after year (www.getafespain.com). With the state of emergency declared in Tunisia, and with the unclear political situation after the fall of President Ben Ali, government of Spain, Switzerland, Germany and Norway have issued messages not to travel to Tunisia and this of course included tourist trips (Bernama-Afrolnews, 2011). This shows to what extent riots can have such an influence on the tourism industry.In Mauritius, such riots were witnessed in 1999 with the death of the famous singer Kaya. The capital of Mauritius, Port Louis, was forced to close down for a few days and demonstrators had bar major roads burned about 200 vehicles and attacked police stations. It degenerated to nearly become a racial dispute where young Creole men were conflict against Hi ndu people. Such an tragedy caused the economy of Mauritius to operate on a go slow basis. Such news were broadcasted internationally for much more than the eon of the riots. Businessmen became worried that their business might go bankrupt because that instability could hit foreign investors (guardian.co.uk)2.1.5 Natural DisastersA natural disaster is a natural event with catastrophic consequences for living things in the vicinity. (www.encyclopedian.com).Natural forces will always be with us and tourism is a major sector of the world economy. The first mentioned is and will always be a challenge for the tourism industry. Therefore, these two elements will continue to play significant roles into the future. In the past these two elements have intersected and it is likely that they will again in the future. (Beattie, 1992).A natural disaster can affect tourism in the sense that it destroys the natural environment and the things which the industry relies on. There exists a close link between tourism and natural disasters as if there is a natural disaster, the industry may be destroyed. Tourism is an important part of many countries economy and in less economically developed countries such as those affected by the tsunami, on boxing day of year 2004, whereby the affected countries relied on the tourism industrys services for living.Usually a natural calamity makes the rate of tourists arrival fall, which results in a lack of tourist spending. Businesses suffer due to lack of money generated by tourism, local small businesses close, larger businesses are in agony, leading to firmness of parts of the business and jobs are lost.There are cases where natural disasters can increase tourism arrivals. In a strange manner, places that have been affected by natural disaster can become tourist attractions. Those places often become places of educational and historical interest and many people visit those areas or countries.An example of this is the village of Boscastle i n United Kingdom. The village faced the worst ever flood in its history on 16th August 2004. A save 200.4mm of rain fell in just twenty four hours causing a 3m torrent to flow through the village (www.docstoc.com/docs article factors affecting tourism natural calamities). all over 100 residents were rescued by air. 116 cars were swept through the village in the harbour that particular day. It caused millions of pounds of damage to property and businesses. Following this, the small village was much on the media. After 2004, there were loads visitors which came from many places to visit the village, in such a way that accommodation became a problem because of massive number of people wanting to be accommodated.( Robyn et al.2010)The case of typhoons in the Philippines had more negative impacts on the concerned country. The typhoons named Ondoy and Pepeng have ravaged dramatically parts of the Philippines last year and have had a negative impact on tourism, as compared to the small v illage in the United Kingdom.Mauritius is a tropical island is frequently visited by cyclones but most of the times those create little destruction to Mauritius. some tourists perceive those cyclones as an experience, but others perceive them as a natural factor preventing them from enjoying their stay. This may lead in guests cancelling their trips to Mauritius during the cyclonic seasons (November to May)2.1.6 Climate Change, Global WarmingClimate change represents a new challenge for tourism. It is not, however, the case that tourisms initial position will undergo a sudden, radical change. Instead, climate change has to be viewed as a catalyst that will reinforce and accelerate the yard of structural change in the tourist industry and more clearly highlight the risks and opportunities inherent in tourist developments. (Elsasser,2002)Glaciers are melting, islands are drowning, wildlife is vanishing. Because of global thaw, our most cherished vacation drifter may soon cease to ex ist. And travellers are part of the problem (Tidwell, 2001)The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. The global average temperature has increased approximately by 0.76C between 1850-1899 and 2001-2005. The IPCC further said that there was a more that 90% probability that the warming would increase in the coming years.Given the growing scientific data, my fear is were all going to wake up soon and find the places we love totally bygone even in our lifetime, Mallet(2001). He further added that tourism and travel would mostly suffer with the rise of the sea take aim by 2100 because it has been predicted that the water level would rise by 3 feet by this time eradicating resort hotels, beaches, ports and coastal property. The IPCC states that the American coastline welcomes around 180 million recreational visitors annually. The rise in sea level would be dramatic to those regions. Wall(2001) explains that Clear ly, global warming is an issue the tourism industry must and I think will digest more and more attention to in the near future. Wall added that tourism is at risk and now all that the industry of tourism and travel can do is to piece for and adapt to climate-related impacts which are already occurring. Taking the case of Mauritius, such rise in sea level will be drastic for resorts, because those hotels are situated on the coast lines of Mauritius at maximum 3 metres above sea level. A rise in sea level by 3 feet will cause many of those resorts to mostly disappear and this could cause the end of tourism in Mauritius.Air travel and transport alone, for example, add more than 500 million tons of CO2 to the Earths atmosphere each year, according to the IPCC. And as people travel more, courtesy of ever-rising Western affluence, the problem only gets worse. By 2050, a full 15 percent of the worlds CO2 could come from travel and tourism, according to Green Globe 21. Tha quthor John B erger even said that We are loving the planet to death.Over the years passing , many island nations have fought hard to be heard in the international conferences about the effects of global warming on them. Some islands have already been lost in the Pacific, and the forecast is that many more will go in the coming decades, especially if nothing is done to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions globally. Now the case of the Caribbean islands should be closely studied.The Caribbean islands, except Cuba and Haiti, are highly dependent on tourism, like Mauritius. Coastal development in the Caribbean for tourism is constantly increasing at a high rate despite a recent decline in tourism. In the Caribbean, tourism accounts for 15% of the gross domestic product, with higher rates in many of its islands, and over 2.4 million jobs (about 16% of the local population). It has also pushed populations towards the coasts because of the various developments. For example, in the Dominican Republic, ov er 50% of the population lives near coasts where a 3 feet rise in sea level would make them being submerged.Recently, the Dominican government has accepted a report detailing that, under their estimates, sea-level will rise by 6 meters by 2050, eliminating the tourism industry and sending the country into write out chaos. The same would happen around the Caribbean. The fast development that the region is seeing may be completely devastated by global warming, and the same case goes for much of the rest of the developing world. The outcome would be to put billions of people in situations of poverty, hunger, and violence.In terms of economic weaknesses, it was noted that small islands tend to have small economies, small land area and unfortunately do have a limitation of resources, meaning their economy relies on few primary exports like sugar and of course tourism.Furthermore, the small islands have low resistance to external shocks such as natural disasters, political instability, terrorism, etc..(Harrison 2003, Hotiet al.2005). Briguglioer et al.(1996) identified environmental weaknesses which included the threat of sea level rise following global warming, and the location of small islands in relation to phenomena, such as cyclones, hurricanes and seismic activity which can lead to tsunamis and eradicate the tourism industry from a small island in a few minutes.Chapter 3 Saving the Tourism Industry3.0 Over reliance over the tourism industryDiversifiTourism Industry in the MauritiusTourism Industry in the MauritiusChapter 1 Introduction1.0 IntroductionTourism was the third pillar of the Mauritian economy after the E.P.Z.(export processing zone) manufacturing sector and Agriculture. It has contributed significantly to economic growth and has been a key factor in the overall development of Mauritius since the years 1995 onwards. In the past two decades tourist arrivals increased at an average annual rate of 9 % with a corresponding increase of about 21% in tour ism receipts. Tourist arrivals have been expanding consequently, thus rising from 103,000 in 1977 to 656,450 in 2000, a more than 600% increase. About 67% of the tourist arrivals are of European origin, with France supplying nearly half. The nearby Reunion French Territory is the most important short haul source market accounting for about 13% of total tourist arrivals. Asian residents provided 6% of tourist arrivals, almost half of which originated from the Indian Sub-Continent.The World Travel and Tourism council (WTTC) stated that travel and tourism was estimated at 9.3 % in 2010 and is expected to rise up to 9.7% by 2020. This increase will help to create an additional 66 million jobs by 2020, in which 50 million jobs should be created in Asia and hence help to decrease world poverty. The longer-term prospects for Travel Tourism remain positive, boosted by rising prosperity in Asia. The WTTC remains confident that the Travel and Tourism industry will remain a dynamic force for wealth and job creation all over the world.The tourism industry does not cease to grow despite the problems that it has encountered in the past years, such as the credit crunch, terrorism, continuous increasing petrol prices and the famous avian flu (bird flu). The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) states that tourism recovered strongly in 2010 according to the Advance Release of the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). Tourist arrivals were up by almost 7% to 935 million, following the 4% decline in 2009 the year hardest hit by the global economic crisis (http//www.unwto.org)Tourism has become one of the most important pillar and the most revenue generating activity in many small island developing states. It has become the source of job creation and revenue for small islands inhabitants. A change in the tourism demand for an island may have a major impact on the Gross Domestic Product (total value of goods and services produced in a country during a certain period of time, usually one year), the budget and the Balance of Payments.Most small islands have adopted tourism due to a lack of development opportunities. The end of the twentieth century marked the beginning of the tourism as the main pillar of small islands economies (Bonte 2006), as it is the case for Mauritius. In large part, islands and cruises have become the most wanted vacation for tourists (Harrison, 2004). Tourism is a mean to reach economic development and economic growth, but is also a way to destroy its resources (Bonte, 2006). The Barcelona field study (2006) states that it is not just necessary to satisfy tourism demands, but also to cater for its durable development. Indeed, tourism does not have only positive impacts, but does have adverse effects on the environment and on the host community. The development of high volume tourism facilities without adequate consideration to impacts, has created many tourism disasters (Smith and Edington 1992). Aooay (2003) states that tou rism is not only dreaming landscapes on postcards, the social reality is different movement of population and disappearance of local savoir faire, begging, prostitution, folkorisation of cultures and rituals.Tourism has suffered from serious health crises including the foot and mouth disease in 2001in United Kingdom, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and the bird flu that started to expand in June 2002 (www.who.int.csr/sars/en). Tourism has also been impacted by several natural disasters including earthquakes, flooding, wild fires, hurricanes and the most devastating Tsunami in December 2004 which caused around 218000 deaths and to this day, other natural calamities, was one still having a significant impact upon the tourist movement and the tourism industry worldwide.It is a fact, not only in words but also visually that the sugar cane industry is rapidly being replaced by tourism activities. However since Mauritius is entirely banking on the tourism ind ustry for economic revenue, the question is what could happen to Mauritius if the tourism sector saw a rapid decline or even an imminent death. One need to bear in mind that Mauritius is not the only country around the world offering this type of product and the fact that Mauritius is situated very far from the targeted market combined with an increase in air fare or/and tourism threats or even natural calamities, what can be done so that the future generation in relation to tourism development does not become black. This present dissertation tries to address the various issues that could cause the death of tourism if not remedied1.1 Problem StatementMauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean. The islands most important revenue in the 1980s was sugar cane being exported to European Countries. Nowadays it relies mostly on the tourism sector and tourism is being considered as its main pillar. The tourism industry is in fact a very young one, having emerged only in the last decade in many countries of the world.History has shown that tourism and its development have impacted in some ways, on everything and everyone that is has touched. Ideally, these impacts should be positive in terms of benefits to destinations and their residents but on the other side of the coin, this is not always the case. According to Leonard A. Jackson (2006), local peoples rebellion, environmental damages, cultural intimacy are good examples of negative impacts of tourism. Sugar cane fields are now being replaced by new projects such as the Integrated Resort scheme of Tamarina and Bagatelle at Pailles, catering for the tourism sector.This present work is being done in order to analyse the threats to tourism, its weaknesses and eventually try to evaluate whether the tourism industry will face an end like the Sri Lanka whose Balance of Payment was in deficit after the tourism injections in the economy fell after the war started between the Government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers)1.2 AimThe aim of this present study is to assess whether the tourism industry in Mauritius could face a possible end.1.3 ObjectivesIn line with the problem statement and the aim of this work, the following objectives were formulatedIdentify the importance of the tourism sector in Mauritius and the latters dependency on it.To Identify the threats to the tourism industry and its impacts there on.To identify the threats that are relevant to Mauritius and its tourism industry.To assess whether Mauritius is at risk of those threats.To identify possible ways of mitigating those impacts.1.4 Research structureThe study was classified into different chapters with the following purposesChapter 1- IntroductionTo introduce the subject, to define the problem, aims and objectives of the research and outline the different chapters.Chapter 2- Literature ReviewTo give a brief account of previous research made in the field of threats to the tourism sector concentrating on small island developing states.Chapter 3- Saving the tourism industryTo analyse the strengths of small islands and the factors that may save the tourism industry.Chapter 4- MethodologyTo outline the main steps taken to carry out this present research, providing details on the type of study used, its advantages and disadvantages, the questions set for interviewing targeted respondents and the limitations to the study.Chapter 5- Data analysis and findingsTo analyse and discuss the results obtained from respondentsChapter 6- Conclusion and recommendationsTo summarise the most important findings and to bring an end to the study and from the previous chapters to suggest any possible actions that could be considered in the near future.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.0 A global perspective of the tourism industry.Shorter working hours, greater individual prosperity, faster and less expensive travel, and the impact of advanced technology has all helped to make the leisure and tourism industry the fa stest growing industry in the world (Edgell, Sr., 1990).Tourism has become a flourishing industry in the twentieth century, where destinations mostly rely on their natural and some manmade resources to make up their tourism industry. It is nowadays a principal element for economic development and growth. According to Lim (1997) and Crouch (1996), the economic impact of tourism has rendered the tourism industry to be considered as one of the most highly significant and integral parts of every national economy. Whilst the economic impact and the contribution of the tourism industry to a country is widely acknowledged, it is also an industry which creates thousands of jobs and a source of foreign exchange earnings. Let alone the positive benefits, it is also an industry that brings along many negative impacts on host communities.2.1 Threats to the tourism industry2.1.1 CompetitionRecently, many countries have constantly been competing for tourism. One possible first approach to the def inition of competition is to consider competition a process of resources distribution (Loch et al. 2001). In a market, the people, firms, organisations, industries will tend to use only the very little resources to stay alive in a co operation market, but will make utilisation of full resources when they are in an extreme competitive market. Competition is also highly dependent on the availability of resources and the number of individuals, firms and organisations who wish to exploit those resources, but as the basic economic problem states, wants are unlimited but resources are scarce, thus individual tend to exploit the resources more that they should. This will result in the population being suffering as stated by Bahn and Flenley(1992) the rise of competition can lead to such a catastrophic imbalance that the final consequence might be the extinction of the population and the tourism industry as a whole.Competition should not only be seen as a way of boosting a market but if the competition is not well managed or even if policies with regards to competition are not clear, there may be a proliferation of tourism activities which could be to the detriment of the host community. For example the growth of hotels on the coast lines may prove to be beneficial to a countrys economy in the short term and long term if managed properly. However, if there are no proper guidelines on competition, it can become a nightmare for countries as host communities could feel alienated.2.1.2 Increasing petrol pricesThe first months of 2008 witnessed the considerable increase in oil prices where it reached a record price of $100 per barrel. Prices were predicted to increase to 140$ in June 2008 (BBC, 2008). This continuous increase in the year 2008 was due to the increase demand for travelling (according to the law of demand, as demand increases, price increases) because of globalisation and increase in travelling resulting from an increase in the number of people, firms and org anisations wishing to exploit resources. Moreover, the increase in price of petrol has caused an increase in tickets for travelling. An increase in air fares have caused a fall in the tourist arrival. Thus one can say that the increasing petrol prices may be one of the threats to the tourism industry because it is linked with the increase in petrol prices and an increase in air fares.2.1.3 Criminality rate, gambling and social factorsNtuli(1998) described crime as a universal social phenomenon in that it threatens the safety and security of the people, property, their sense of well being, as well as social order.The case of Mrs. Harte being killed in her hotel room at the Legends Hotel, for a couple of dollars, when being on honey moon, is one which may be said to be unforgiveable. Mauritius is a famous worldwide known destination for weddings and honey moons. This crime is detrimental for its tourism industry. This news was broadcasted a few hours only after the crime had been com mitted, on several channels under the Breaking News titles and had it Murdered honeymooner Michaela McAreavy (Harte) was strangled over a purse containing a small amount of cash.(www.news.sky.com). This was broadcasted around the world and Mauritians were soon pointed out in lots of countries. The words of the husband inspire more sadness saying She was my life. The media was very quick at propagating the bad news and bad press and such publicity is not what a tourism destination wants. This act is in fact one of the greatest threat to the Mauritians tourism industry. Tourists who were forecasting to getting married in Mauritius have surely cancelled their reservations as soon information about this tragedy spread around the whole world and this is witnessed in Ntuli (2000) who found that nowadays, crimes committed against tourist is becoming more and more detrimental to the tourism industry of a destination.As mentioned earlier, and supported by Giddens (1990) who stated that crime s committed to travellers has an impact on many categories of people, because a negative perception of tourists at a destination is often reported in the media or even tourist themselves to friends and families and this causes a negative word of mouth being spread as it is actually the case for the death of Mrs Harte. The host country will thus be badly marketed and tourist arrivals will decline as supported by Ntuli (2000).On the other hand, in a few countries like Bahamas, the heads of states think that even if the criminality rate is a worry to many Bahamians, it is not a threat to tourism, according to an official at the U.S. Embassy in Nassau (www.jonesbahamas.com). Dr Hardt, from the US embassy stated that there is now more than 200 police officers are now available to prevent crimes on tourists and that the new priorities have been stretched out concerning those crimes. From the above, one can say that crimes may not be an imminent threat to the tourism industry, provided tha t there is enough security officers and aims and objectives set.Gambling is often viewed as a booster for the economy of a country because usually the positive impacts of gabling outweighs the negative ones(Stokowski, 1996). Several studies such as Perdue, et al.(1995), Roehl(1994) suggest that gambling is profitable to a country because it generates a high profitability and contributes in job creation and a revenue for the government in terms of taxes.On the other hand, Tosun(2002) found that gambling results in crimes and social disruption and usually creates very bad effects for the country as a whole. Studies showing the negative aspect of gambling are various, such as Caneday et al.(1991) and Stokowski(1996). Thus the negative results from gambling should not be forgotten. Prostitution and tourists attacks result from gambling. People find that tourists are a cash cow and attack them and stealing their belongings so as to have money to gamble because gambling is like a drug. Pr ostitution is also generated from gambling. It is such that where the tourism industry is developing, those countries do have a good proportion of its population with very low income and tourists are seen as stated above , cash cows. Hence prostitution is the result of poor economic development and an easy way of making money and tourists have the spending power to such activity but it is important to note that most tourists do not like gambling and seing people prostituting themselves give them a sense of unsafe surroundings and disgust. This has an adverse impact on word of mouth spreading. An example of the negative impacts of gambling is the state of Nevada in the United States where it depends much on gambling. The statistics for this state are astonishing. This state is the one which has the highest number of road accident, suicide and criminality rate (Vaknin, 2007).Gambling is related to criminality rate according to Vaknin(2007). When one talks about gambling, one may under stand crimes, addiction, drug and accidents. Those impacts should be carefully monitored even if gambling brings much economic development for a country (Perdue et al 1995).Drug intake and thefts are also becoming common nowadays in Mauritius. Thousands of complaints are lodged at police stations concerning thefts and in this context, many tourists are attacked for their money or valuable belongings. Drug intake make more and more individual go on stealing to obtain their doses and such social factors should be tackled in order to prevent the end of tourism in Mauritius.2.1.4 Political instability, civil wars, riots and demonstrationsPolitical instability is a situation where a government has been toppled, or is controlled by factions following a coup, or where basic functional pre-requisites for social-order control and maintenance are unstable and periodically disrupted. (Cook, 1990). Wilson(1996), on the other hand, defines a stable country as if the regime is durable, violence a nd turmoil are limited, and the leaders stay in office for several years. The link between political violence and instability in Hall et al.(1996) definition of political instability as a situation in which conditions and mechanisms of governance and rule are challenged as to their political legitimacy by elements operating from outside of the normal operations of the political system. When challenge occurs from within a political system and the system is able to adapt and change to meet demands on it, it can be said to be stable Challenging in order to govern a country or even those who do not follow the actual political system is often solved by violence political violence. Thus political instability and political violence are two words that can be used as synonyms.Lancaster(1971) states that tourists enjoy many different advantages that a destination offers, rather than sticking to only one advantage. Tourists can and will shift easily to another destination unless the attraction s to that country are unique in the world. In other words, a tourist will go to a destination for its sea, sun and sand like it is the case for Mauritius and may shift destination if he wants unless there is only those 3s in Mauritius but it is not the case because Maldives, Seychelles offer nearly the same tourism product.Richter and Waugh(1986) state that tourism is frequently an early casualty of internecine warfare, revolution, or even prolonged labour disputes. Even if the tourist areas are secure () tourism may decline precipitously when political conditions appear unsettled. Tourists simply choose alternative destinations. Taking the above example, even if Mauritius offered the unique sea, sun and sand in the world, tourism in Mauritius will be hurt if there is political violence. This shows to what extent political instability may cause the end of the tourism industry in Mauritius such as the case of Egypt which recently through severe political violence resulting in its tou rism industry falling drastically.Richter and Waugh(1989) argued that tourism is for sure a political phenomenon it will decrease sharply when political circumstance turns unstable. In 1994 Hall published his book Tourism and Political Science where he asserts that stable politics is a must for attracting international tourists, even the decisive factor for the successful development of tourism (Hall, 1994).In case of political violence, tourism being a sensitive product and therefore tourists arrivals will continue to go down for a long period of time. Tourists will only come back to this particular country only when he has eradicated this idea of violence from his mind, but it might take many years. Countries with a negative image due to past events of violence often attempt to improve their image with aggressive advertising campaigns trying to portray themselves as entirely safe destinations (Snmez et al.1999). Scott(1988) showed the massive work done by tourism authorities toget her with travel agents and tour operators to redress the country of Fiji where there was two military coups on tourism. Teye(1986) and Richter and Waugh (1986) state that the effects of political violence or instability on tourism is likely to have a spill over effects on surrounding countries but Hall and OSullivan(1996) found that both the Solomon Islands and North Queensland, found near Fuji, said that they were safe regional alternatives compared to the military coup in Fiji. (See appendix A)Many articles have examined the impact of war on tourism. Most of them have shown that war has a negative impact in the short run (Radnic, 1999, Mihalic, 1996). In the long run, wars may have a positive impact in the sense that tourists are attracted to a destination to see the scenes of war (Weaver, 2000). To measure the impact of war, one may use the number of overnight stays, beds or tourists, but experts have not attempted to measure the economic impact resulting from a fall in tourism. Wars can increase the perception of a tourist in the risk that he undergoes while choosing a destination.Hostilities, demonstrations and acts of violence, for example between the Palestinians and Israelis, have often discouraged tourists from visiting Israel for the past 40 years. Besides, Israel is located in the centre of the Middle East, tourists tend to avoid visiting this country during every period of crisis in the surroundings.Riots are also one of those factors which can put an end to the tourism Industry. The case of Tunisia may be taken for example. While most Tunisians were celebrating the victory president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the countrys tourism industry witnessed a massive negative impact from the riots and tourists had to be evacuated of the country. While President Ben Ali was a totalitarian leader, tourists from Europe and the Arab world kept streaming to the country at an ever-increasing rate. Only few of the arrivals even know that Tunisia was a dictatorship even if they came year after year (www.getafespain.com). With the state of emergency declared in Tunisia, and with the unclear political situation after the fall of President Ben Ali, government of Spain, Switzerland, Germany and Norway have issued messages not to travel to Tunisia and this of course included tourist trips (Bernama-Afrolnews, 2011). This shows to what extent riots can have such an influence on the tourism industry.In Mauritius, such riots were witnessed in 1999 with the death of the famous singer Kaya. The capital of Mauritius, Port Louis, was forced to close down for a few days and demonstrators had blocked major roads burned about 200 vehicles and attacked police stations. It degenerated to nearly become a racial dispute where young Creole men were fighting against Hindu people. Such an tragedy caused the economy of Mauritius to operate on a go slow basis. Such news were broadcasted internationally for much more than the duration of the riots. Businessmen became w orried that their business might go bankrupt because that instability could hit foreign investors (guardian.co.uk)2.1.5 Natural DisastersA natural disaster is a natural event with catastrophic consequences for living things in the vicinity. (www.encyclopedian.com).Natural forces will always be with us and tourism is a major sector of the world economy. The first mentioned is and will always be a challenge for the tourism industry. Therefore, these two elements will continue to play significant roles into the future. In the past these two elements have intersected and it is likely that they will again in the future. (Beattie, 1992).A natural disaster can affect tourism in the sense that it destroys the natural environment and the things which the industry relies on. There exists a close link between tourism and natural disasters as if there is a natural disaster, the industry may be destroyed. Tourism is an important part of many countries economy and in less economically developed c ountries such as those affected by the tsunami, on boxing day of year 2004, whereby the affected countries relied on the tourism industrys services for living.Usually a natural calamity makes the rate of tourists arrival fall, which results in a lack of tourist spending. Businesses suffer due to lack of money generated by tourism, local small businesses close, larger businesses are in agony, leading to closure of parts of the business and jobs are lost.There are cases where natural disasters can increase tourism arrivals. In a strange manner, places that have been affected by natural disaster can become tourist attractions. Those places often become places of educational and historical interest and many people visit those areas or countries.An example of this is the village of Boscastle in United Kingdom. The village faced the worst ever flood in its history on 16th August 2004. A recorded 200.4mm of rain fell in just twenty four hours causing a 3m torrent to flow through the villag e (www.docstoc.com/docs article factors affecting tourism natural calamities). Over 100 residents were rescued by air. 116 cars were swept through the village in the harbour that particular day. It caused millions of pounds of damage to property and businesses. Following this, the small village was much on the media. After 2004, there were loads visitors which came from many places to visit the village, in such a way that accommodation became a problem because of massive number of people wanting to be accommodated.( Robyn et al.2010)The case of typhoons in the Philippines had more negative impacts on the concerned country. The typhoons named Ondoy and Pepeng have ravaged dramatically parts of the Philippines last year and have had a negative impact on tourism, as compared to the small village in the United Kingdom.Mauritius is a tropical island is frequently visited by cyclones but most of the times those create little destruction to Mauritius. some tourists perceive those cyclones as an experience, but others perceive them as a natural factor preventing them from enjoying their stay. This may lead in guests cancelling their trips to Mauritius during the cyclonic seasons (November to May)2.1.6 Climate Change, Global WarmingClimate change represents a new challenge for tourism. It is not, however, the case that tourisms initial position will undergo a sudden, radical change. Instead, climate change has to be viewed as a catalyst that will reinforce and accelerate the pace of structural change in the tourist industry and more clearly highlight the risks and opportunities inherent in tourist developments. (Elsasser,2002)Glaciers are melting, islands are drowning, wildlife is vanishing. Because of global warming, our most cherished vacation spots may soon cease to exist. And travellers are part of the problem (Tidwell, 2001)The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. The global average temper ature has increased approximately by 0.76C between 1850-1899 and 2001-2005. The IPCC further said that there was a more that 90% probability that the warming would increase in the coming years.Given the growing scientific data, my fear is were all going to wake up soon and find the places we love totally gone even in our lifetime, Mallet(2001). He further added that tourism and travel would mostly suffer with the rise of the sea level by 2100 because it has been predicted that the water level would rise by 3 feet by this time eradicating resort hotels, beaches, ports and coastal property. The IPCC states that the American coastline welcomes around 180 million recreational visitors annually. The rise in sea level would be dramatic to those regions. Wall(2001) explains that Clearly, global warming is an issue the tourism industry must and I think will pay more and more attention to in the near future. Wall added that tourism is at risk and now all that the industry of tourism and t ravel can do is to prepare for and adapt to climate-related impacts which are already occurring. Taking the case of Mauritius, such rise in sea level will be drastic for resorts, because those hotels are situated on the coast lines of Mauritius at maximum 3 metres above sea level. A rise in sea level by 3 feet will cause many of those resorts to mostly disappear and this could cause the end of tourism in Mauritius.Air travel and transport alone, for example, add more than 500 million tons of CO2 to the Earths atmosphere each year, according to the IPCC. And as people travel more, courtesy of ever-rising Western affluence, the problem only gets worse. By 2050, a full 15 percent of the worlds CO2 could come from travel and tourism, according to Green Globe 21. Tha quthor John Berger even said that We are loving the planet to death.Over the years passing , many island nations have fought hard to be heard in the international conferences about the effects of global warming on them. Some islands have already been lost in the Pacific, and the forecast is that many more will go in the coming decades, especially if nothing is done to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions globally. Now the case of the Caribbean islands should be closely studied.The Caribbean islands, except Cuba and Haiti, are highly dependent on tourism, like Mauritius. Coastal development in the Caribbean for tourism is constantly increasing at a high rate despite a recent decline in tourism. In the Caribbean, tourism accounts for 15% of the gross domestic product, with higher rates in many of its islands, and over 2.4 million jobs (about 16% of the local population). It has also pushed populations towards the coasts because of the various developments. For example, in the Dominican Republic, over 50% of the population lives near coasts where a 3 feet rise in sea level would make them being submerged.Recently, the Dominican government has received a report detailing that, under their estimates, sea-leve l will rise by 6 meters by 2050, eliminating the tourism industry and sending the country into complete chaos. The same would happen around the Caribbean. The fast development that the region is seeing may be completely devastated by global warming, and the same case goes for much of the rest of the developing world. The outcome would be to put billions of people in situations of poverty, hunger, and violence.In terms of economic weaknesses, it was noted that small islands tend to have small economies, small land area and unfortunately do have a limitation of resources, meaning their economy relies on few primary exports like sugar and of course tourism.Furthermore, the small islands have low resistance to external shocks such as natural disasters, political instability, terrorism, etc..(Harrison 2003, Hotiet al.2005). Briguglioer et al.(1996) identified environmental weaknesses which included the threat of sea level rise following global warming, and the location of small islands i n relation to phenomena, such as cyclones, hurricanes and seismic activity which can lead to tsunamis and eradicate the tourism industry from a small island in a few minutes.Chapter 3 Saving the Tourism Industry3.0 Over reliance over the tourism industryDiversifi

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In 1861, conflicts and tension between the northwardern and southern couplight-emitting diode States erupted into the civilized War, the bloodiest war in American history. Economic differences existed between the north and south, which made the Civil War inevitable. The souths economy was largely agriculturally ground and dependent on slave labor, while the north was more industrial and based on free labor. The issue of slavery is often cited as the principal(prenominal) cause of the Civil War, but it is actually the economic dependency of the South on slavery that caused the Civil War. Slavery being the backbone of the South led to conflict on whether or not states should be admitted as free or slave states, which could potentially tip the balance of free states vs slave states theatrical performance in the Senate. The North and South being so radically different in economy and culture created conflict between them. Their differences actually made the Civil War an inevitable e vent, because as the saying goes, United we stand, divided we fall. Their differences divided the country, ultimately leading to the Civil War.Starting from the end of the American Revolution, the north had developed differently than the south. This was largely due to differences in geography. There were more seaports in the north, and factories became more prevalent. A commercial economy resulted. Roads and canals were built, and cities grew. Many tidy sum were merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and salesmen. The north became more and more metropolitan. There were still originateers living in the north, but they differed from southern farmers in that they used more modern technology to farm and became more efficient. Farming was easier in the north than the south as well, because of the souths difficult ... ...t states, Upon the whole, therefore, it is the judgment of this court, that it appears by the record before us that the complainant in error is not a citizen of Missour i, in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution and that the Circuit Court of the United States, for that reason, had no jurisdiction in the case, and could give no judgment in it. Its judgment for the defendant must, consequently, be reversed, and a mandate issued, directing the suit to be push aside for want of jurisdiction. This meant that Scott was not considered a citizen, so he had no rights, could not sue, and had to remain a slave. The court further ruled that banning slavery was unconstitutional, since slaves were post and property is protected under the Constitution.The controversy over slavery was intensified,and further deepened the rift between the north and the south.

Two Themes in Heart Of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Two Themes in Heart Of Darkness         There are gentlemany themes that roam through the novel Heart of Darkness. There are however two main and significant ones.  These are the theme of control condition and mans journey into self.         The importance of constraint is stressed throughout Heart of Darkness.  In the novel Marlow is saved by restraint, while Kurtz is doomed by his lack of it.         Marlow felt different about Africa onward he went, because the colonization of the Congo had an idea at the back of it.  Despite an uneasiness, he assumed that restraint would operate there.  He soon reaches the Company spot and receives his first shock, everything there seems meaningless.  He sees no evidence here of that devotion to efficiency that makes the idea work.  In the middle of this, Marlow meets a miracle. The chief accountant has the restraint that it takes to g et the job done. He keeps up his apearance and his books are in apple-pie order.  Marlow respects this fellow because he has a backbone.         The cannibals some of those ignorant millions, are almost tout ensemble characterized by restraint.  They outnumber the whites thirty to five and could easily fill their starving bellies.  Marlow would have as soon expected restraint from a hyena prowling amongst the corpses of a battlefield.  The cannibals action is one of those human secrets that baffle probability.  This helps Marlow keep his restraint, for if the natives can possess this quality Marlow feels he certainly can.         Kurtz is the essence of the lack of restraint Marlow sees everywhere.  Kurtz has kicked himself loose from the earth.  He owes no allegiance to anything except those animal powers, those various lusts, those unpermitted aspirations lurking in the darkness of his inner stat ion. Marlow also responds to these dark callings, and he almost becomes their captive.  He confuses the beat of the beat (the call to mans primitive side) with his own heartbeat, and is pleased.  Yet he does not slip over the edge as Kurtz does.  Marlow keeps to the track.  When he is confronted with the ultimate evil where a man must fall back on (his) own innate strength, upon (his) own capacity for faithfulness,  he is able to do so,

The Perpetuation of Negative Images of African Americans through Mass M

The Perpetuation of Negative Images of African Americans through Mass Media Works Cited Not IncludedWhy as fair people become we been lulled into thinking its safe to be around other white people. Why have we been taught since birth that its the people of that other color we need to alarm? Theyre the ones that will slit your throat (Moore 57). The mass media has played and will continue to play a crucial role in the way white Americans perceive African-Americans. As a result of the overwhelming media focus on crime, drug use, gang violence, and other forms of anti-social behavior among African-Americans, the media is fostering a distorted unexclusive perception of African-Americans. Looking at past examples of African Americans treatment in the media, one can see that the media has become the main perpetrator through which oppression, unlikeness and the treatment of African Americans as second class citizens is carried out.As a result of this media bias, white America has suffer ed from a deep uncertainty as to who African-Americans in truth are. The media stereotype of bad guys wearing black or that anything that is black is evil has been fostered for decades. Looking at one of the oldest sources in the media (the dictionary) you clearly see racist overtones in the definitions of any words heroting with black or white. Black is defined as opposite to white, African American, soiled or stained, and evil or villainous just to name a few of the definitions (Webster 68). I believe this not only fosters a subconscious negative view of African Americans, but as well as perk ups many white people think they are some how better than blacks. The defense put on by the four white Los Angeles police officers charge of beating Rodney King in 1991, and the recent case in Ohio, are very proveing of this. They claimed that they were scared and felt they might have been attacked or regular killed (88). This is a legitimate excuse in a white American society that pe rpetuates negative images of African Americans. Whites have come to believe that their life is in danger every time theyre confronted with a black person and that some how their life is worth more than a black persons life. Their fear and their bias is a manifestation of a deep-rooted media bias that anything black is bad and anything white is pure and good. This media bias has also been illustrated in the Susan metalworker cas... ...image we have seen, read, heard and ultimately come to believe of Malcolm X which is far from the truth. In short Malcolm X is much more than the violent man he is made out to be. To me, he is a prophet the media should portray him that way.The mass media is the most powerful entity on the earth. The media has the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent and thats power. They control the minds of the masses You dont have to lie to them you just have to be selective about what you tell them-because human beings gather informatio n and they form opinions based on the information you have given them (Malcolm X 56). Until the spoon fed white America opens their eyeball to this injustice, the media will continue to portray a self-serving negative stereotype of the African-American community. Until the public acknowledges the medias influence in the perpetuation of negative images of African Americans, white America will continue to oppress, and African Americans will continue to be looked upon as second class citizens. In the words of rap star Chuck D. of Public Enemy, Dont believe the hype, or more concretely, dont selectively not believe the hype.

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The United States of America has been ranked 12 according to the United Nations 2008 human development index report in committing towards tuition by public spending. According the U.S. Department of Education, the federal, state and local governments had spent a total of 786.8 billion dollars in 2006 on education and it is estimated that in the year 2008, about 837.7 billion dollars has been spent. In the school year of 2004-2005, the average expenditure per student was $8700. In an average partition of 23, the annual cost to describe a class room comes out to be $200,100. It is clear from the statistics that education is expensive in the U.S.Beside all these government spending, it is unflurried the fact that the public education in the U.S. is worse than some of the developing countries. As Anya Kamenetz says in DIY U Edupunks, Edupreneurs, and the Coming Transformation of Higher Education that we stir intellectuals that dont screw the difference between a country and a cont inent or they dont know the names of the heads of the let on countries.However, the school board, teachers, and pa... Essay -- The United States of America has been ranked 12 according to the United Nations 2008 human development index report in committing towards education by public spending. According the U.S. Department of Education, the federal, state and local governments had spent a total of 786.8 billion dollars in 2006 on education and it is estimated that in the year 2008, about 837.7 billion dollars has been spent. In the school year of 2004-2005, the average expenditure per student was $8700. In an average class of 23, the annual cost to run a class room comes out to be $200,100. It is clear from the statistics that education is expensive in the U.S.Beside all these government spending, it is still the fact that the public education in the U.S. is worse than some of the developing countries. As Anya Kamenetz says in DIY U Edupunks, Edupreneurs, and the Com ing Transformation of Higher Education that we produce intellectuals that dont know the difference between a country and a continent or they dont know the names of the heads of the key countries.However, the school board, teachers, and pa...