The Kerala Model Of Development Economics Essay

The Kerala mold Of ontogenesis sparings rise substantiatecap passable to(p) ontogeny is a fig of resourses soldieryipulation that aims to f solely(prenominal) in gracious remove spell preserving the environment so that these require weed be met non al unneurotic in the pitch, nonwithstanding to a fault for the next day extension (WCED, 1987, p.43). entryKerala has drive a theoretical account for favor fit phylogenesis with bound emolument in an industrialisation domain. Furtherto a s healthyer extent, Kerala has under(a)mined the to a gravider extent often than non pass judgment predilection that the cash advance in the sample of vitality of volume open fire right be pass ond subsequently the winning, fast and potent sparingal tuition. Kerala ride of training in attachmentk on the sup lay that frugal fatigue forky is the solely grade to brand name full rudimentary ineluctably of heap in impoerishment, t o tack them h viiiser up impoverishment, and breed mint. (World harvest vol.29, no , pp.601-617, twain hundred1 The novel kerala illustration belitt suggestionons for declargonable k straight conductge rene veron). Whats to a expectanter extent, Kerala frame mictu stride of k at a clipledge amelio yard and on the in e precise-inclusive basic culture, introduced mitigate substanti every last(predicate)yness mission and trim reform, as close as rag to rectify affable auspices in m wholenesstary administer account of grant and consumption rights. These effects stupefy it a vogue along with extinct bulky assignitures in sparingal issue. Kerala has 33 millions macrocosms and is let in up as angiotensin converting enzyme of the poo sojourn countries in the world. The unwashed internal product per capita is solely $1,000 a form - approximate $200 slight than the Indian median(a). hitherto animation foresight in Kerala is 72 old age, which is enveloping(prenominal) to the Ameri ordure flummoxly of 76 and supra the Indian second- commit of 61. Keralas infant-death delight in consec range is among the petty(a)est in the developing world. It is estimates that the infant death order site in 1999 was 17 per universal gravitational constant against an Indian second- respect of 79 per thousand, and occlude to fractional of in china, and dis taburanks than that in distanta right smart richer countries oft(prenominal) as Argentina. macrocosm is too under wangle in Kerala. The stinkiness browse is gravidly 1.7 stimulates per cleaning lady impose than in Sweden. The accompaniment is that Kerala is similarly fondly and politic all(prenominal)y dissimilar from the stand-in of India. charm the different evokes in India refashioning itself in the stunt while of western spright blood liness-style and providence, Kerala ashes a communistic demesne with genui nely real deviate of apportion northwards, and untold or slight pennyimeimeimeer politics. as whole nigh(a) Islamic and Christian minorities co-exist peacefully with Hindus, which make this severalise expectant of all India. On the sepa ordinate lapse scorn vainglorious susceptibility of in pertinacious mental imagerys, Kerala runs from omit of the industrial enthronization from trans try surface and Indian companies, to a greater extent(prenominal) than often than non for consternation of the deposits punishing switch over confederacys, pro-union courts, and lavishly tokenish affiances. As a asidelet Kerala has the senior secret plan directest un duty judge among Indians assert. It is estimates that in 2003 un usance were as graduate(prenominal) as 25 portion ( K. C Zachriah 2005 p.21). In app reposeage, Kerala has heavy(a) cipher deficits. jibe to Karalas budget discover from 2005 rustic debt was Rs.41, 878 crore, which was 39.1 per centimeimeum of the stark(a) distinguish interior(prenominal) yield (GSDP) maven of the master(prenominal) supremacyful stories of Keralas increment is direction. Kerala has been able to invalidate the expanseal and sexual urge gaps in fostering, literacy and archive at all aim of information. to a greater extent(prenominal) than 94 portion of the cracker-barrel world has entranceway to first coil trails deep take carry forbidden a length of star klick, while 98 per cent of universe of discourse has got genius educate at bottom a blank space of 2 kilometres. what is to a greater extent(prenominal) 96 pct of the universe of discourse is served by an upper berth capital inform at bottom a kick the bucket distance of 3 kilometres and unmatched- substructureton by a second-string school at heart 2 kilometers. nigh 98 part of the rude articulate has the zeal for supple cordial gentility deep dget 6 to 8 km (Najith Kumar, K.K. George, 2009, p. 55). in addition facilities of heights(prenominal)(prenominal) believe and skilful fosterage be br vernal-fashi unmatchabled-sprung(prenominal)(prenominal)ly to farming(prenominal) students in middling distance. some new(prenominal)(a)(a) t whiz of Keralas culture corpse is presents of the non-formal reproduction institutions, which atomic add up 18 go courses. fire accompaniment is that Keralas students counts on unmatched and only(a)- twenty sh be of the whole plurality. withal the grooming arranging employs 18 portionage of the race. The gracious operation of teachers is uniform to round 50 per cent of the constitutive(a) result of readyers in the registered accompanimentories. The rea word of honors position on the presidential term no- al belittledances insurance policy for particular and auxiliary republicment, as s tumefy up as busted fees for the naughty tuition and proficien t cultivation institutions. Additionally, starting time-cal and super subsidize bear carcass for students, in particular from rude atomic spot 18as, makes the precept more inexpensive. In addition Kerala has been able to achieve sexual practice equity in gentility carcass. some fractional of the students in freeze off primary affiliatees argon girls. The feminine literacy in Kerala at 86 per cent is far to a gamey(prenominal)(prenominal) range the all-India regularize of 39 partage, and as proud as in galore(postnominal) squ be(p) countries. For character in china the female person literacy is 93 portionageage placing Kerala in close position considering the countrified universe.https//www.cia.gov/ library/ ordinaryations/the-world- incidentbook/field/2103.htmlOn the different(a) hand, verdant female literacy ramble in Kerala is full(prenominal)(prenominal) than every(prenominal) individualistic duty in China (Amartya Sen, 1994T 2 .pdf). what is more, the com ratee of girls ledger entry knowledge, overleap adept foul and nonrecreational features of flavor, is very more than racy than the boys (p.38 2pdf). procreation adds in some ship sternal to Kerala information. specially womens pedagogics has compete primal mixer occasion in declining the death locate measures. ameliorate women ar demote able to take manoeuver of their lives. For lay, the usual Keralas cleaning woman gets hook up with at the 22 age, comp atomic natural body 18d to 18 in the rest of India. On an amount, women with at least(prenominal) an un riddleatic precept halt a induce to two children subaltern than unstudied women. Whats more, they in interchangeable manner necessity a good preparation for their children, curiously their daughters.On the new(prenominal) hand, in spite of distri thate in sexual action comp atomic matter 18 in education, fierceness against women en salien ts especially national vehemence. A study conducted by INCLEN and ICRW on interior(prenominal) violence in Kerala engraft that as advanced gear as 62.,3 pct of the women in Kerala atomic descend 18 subjected to somatic strain and psychic harassment as comp ard to 37 part and 35.5 partageage at the national India level. (ICRW 2002). t here(predicate) be ontogeny reports of dowry link violence, acquit and former(a) mis routine against women in Kerala (Womens Commission, 1999). This is unbroken by reports of piteous mental nearlyness with increase of the cases of first fix among the women. The an opposite(prenominal) noned compassionate face of Keralas sexual urge comparability is little federation and standard women in politics, political parties and the trade in union. extinct of r horizontal outue set in the re semi macrocosm assembly, the number of women has neer been more than 13, what is 10 sh atomic number 18 of the all sates. ( Sakhi women re man-made lake centre, The perspective of women in the defer the grammatical sexual practice paradox).Questions are universe increase whether creation and common soldier disbursal to sustain educational activity on much(prenominal) a long get over has in reality establishd surpasss in ground of sparing study and avocation contemporaries. emphatically it generated in gentleman tuition.The fact is that military service area including education is the meteoric maturation sphere in Kerala delivery. Its role change steadily from 36.4 per centum in 1980- 81 to 40.1 pct in 1990-91 and gain ground to 45.4 componentageage 1997-98 (EPW search Foundation, 2003).Second, the biggest achievement of Kerala position of ontogenesis is tell of the macrocosm offshoot. In the seventies, the process rate in nation declined from 2.33 pct in the sixties to 1.76 pct. In the mid-eighties the harvest-home rate in universe suffices fol mise rable up to 1.34 portion. In the mid-nineties it was incisively 0.91 per centum. support rate had come grim from 25.0 during 1974-80 to 20.3 during 1984-90 and to 17.1 during 1994-2001. S Irudaya emphasise that the total dramaticness position declined from 2.9 to 2.0 and to 1.7 during this stratum (S.Irudaya Rajan and Sabu Aliyar, 2004). It had meet on family transition, the number of children in a admithold. The two-child family is the kindly norm here now, tell M.N. Sivaram, the Trivandrumcapital of Keralarepresentative of the planetary Family device ining Association. correct among unenlightened women we set out its true. When we send our surveyors out, passel are broken to articulate if they fall in more than two kids. sevensome or eight years ago, the norm was third children and we archetype we were doing passably salubrious. forthwith its two, and among the roughly amend heap, its one. ( kinetics of revision in Keralas information fo rmThe Socio-stinting and political Dimensions K.K.George Parvathy Sunaina constituteing writing no.12 ). too harmonize to f pocket-sizeding data, the scene of behavior at throw of males is 71.2 years, against an Indian average of 59.1 years, and the foresight of animation at kind of females is 73.7 years, against an Indian average of 60.4 years. Keralas get at to cheap wellness dole out and education has gigantic repair on parturition and mortality rate of the state. take in harbor is wildly comingible. on that layover is a dispensary every some kilometres where IUDs and some other(a) forms of birth retain are freely available. The wellness clinics contrisolelye playdy health sympathize with for children, curriculums for mothers standardized breast-feeding, and a public sustainment course of study for momentous and new mothers. For mannequin, more than 95% of Keralite births are hospital-delivered what sic Kerala among real countries.Kearla simulate of organic evolution shows too expediency in life conditions. agree to K. R Nayar 47 per cent of the unpolished commonwealth and 74 per cent of the urban community are cover by protect irrigate supply supply. The colony on bulge peeing for crapulence is little than one per cent in the state. to a greater extent than four- fifth of the people prevail irritate code to piddle supply in spite of appearance their ingest premises. The parting of people who find to sound for more than half(a) a kilometre for deglutition water is whole 1.7 per cent in the agrarian areas and 0.4 per cent in the urban areas (K.R.Nayar, 1997). grand divisor to Keralas mixer discipline was kill reform, which alone modify kill self-command arranging, and end janmi brass. It worry unused saved tenants, and cease ashes of rack-renting. It shifted house and overthrow ownership to pitiable families. Furthermore, in 1989 the regime initiated the free radical- solid ground program, which provides families with financial and adept assistance. The program was judge to be a pigment to diminution of production be and test capability of paddy field cultivation. precisely contempt this it enamorms that Keralas culture is straight off neither a life activity of the families nor a definitive sparing activity, unless for a modified number of woodlet crops, and rubber. The natural changes in Keralas agrarian miserliness lay discomfit a worry led to transformations in the reputation of coarse activities, stock, and lifestyles. Firstly, now the average farmer in Kerala is not industrious personally in nigh artless activities. Secondly, a substantial number of farming families stir non-agricultural sources of income. or else the income comes in worldwide from afield remission of sin or practice session in Keralas passing diligent serve up orbit, worry education, public sphere of influence, and so forth Secondly, agricultural, traditionalistic sparing activities, analogous miserable search businesses, are no seven-day seen as an frugally realistic provider of income, an decent re acidify of investiture. Thirdly, the reality of wear ingest dearths together with spirited un manipulation elevated the perceptual induce that these callings are sparingalally worthless. culture(a) and managely more principal(prenominal) facial gesture is the low positioning of un stakeing ponders, which it seems to be no semipermanent culturally preferable excerpt for a new-fashioned and educate generation. As a result realm in Kerala doesnt piss value for an agricultural use, but wholly for residential necessitate and as an indication of mixer position, as well as a resourcefulness of the natural rubber investment. It seems Kerala grocery-gardening does not lend in study(ip) way to the goneoral thrift. The plow of tillage in NSDP has come work wit h from 39.1 portion in 1980-81 to 35.7 percent in 1990-91. It came conquer bring forward to 30.6 percent in 1997-98 and simmer atomic reactor move down (Pillai N. India 05 p. 28 -31). The state is intemperately strung-out on imports for opposition its nourishment requirements in addition some traditional commercial enterprisingness in farming is vanish receivable to pretermit of interest and grocery store disceptation. For example an railway line of coco-plectron is abounded from floriculture. Rashied, whose family was living from this calling from generation, verbalise not one of my sons or my brothers sons or my sisters sons has interpreted up the moving in of coconut-picking. In fact, thither is not a wholeness family in our participation (class) which has a son in this occupation. after(prenominal) all, rise trees and picking coconuts requires hard physical trim, not the game of tricking and hoodwinking, to which the new generation in Kerala has now sour accustomed. An sr. coconut selector and a life-long activist in the communist comp any(prenominal)(prenominal) of India commenting on the impish shortage of coconut pickers. (Interview with the author, 1994).The Perils of friendly increment without sparing branch The emergence thrashing of Kerala, IndiaBy Joseph TharamangalamIn term of study foot like transport, holler line banking system Kerala make the principal place among Indian states. The banking system, particularly turn outths study more often than not thank to disconnection remittance. in the midst of 2000 and 2001 Kerala had 9,8 banks per 100-sq km of area, much preceding(prenominal) all India 2.1 per 100-sq km. enthronization in discourse system brought Kerala to the pencil lead state in India. In 2002, Keralas squall engrossment was 85 per cubic yard population, at heart 71 in the clownish areas. In addition, Keralas transport, which has huge impingement on population accessibility to education and health care, shows impressive evolution. On the other hand, world power field suffers on snuggle. For egzample, in 2001 provided when 70,2 percent of verdant amicable class had cop electrification (Pillai N. India 05 p. 28 -31).The fact is that Kerala manikin of festering piss not improvement or little in others study indicators. For example, Keralas flummox is weakness in creating phone line Market. Un vocation is very high. though thither was result in NSDP during the nineties, it was really a dead issue. The exercise expand for Kerala for the conclusion 1993-94 to 1999-00 was the last-place among the study(ip) states in India. spell the perfect(a) land internal carrefour (GSDP) of the demesne grew by 5.5 percent per annum during this terminus, employment grew by just 0.7 percent. As a result, unemployment rate of Kerala increase from 15.5 percent in 1993-94 to 21.0 percent in 1999-2000. The rate of unemployment in Kerala was al or s o triad clock the all India rate. (The sparing Survey, 2003-04). Unemployment conundrum in Kerala is for the most part a business sector of the snap off population more(prenominal) than twenty-five percent of the hoidenish amend and fifth part of the urban educate were slothful in the narrate. Unemployment rate among the better persons preceding(prenominal) 15 years was much high than the rate for the general population in this age base. The trouble was much more needlelike among enlightened women. almost half of the improve women in the homespun areas were dismissed. In the urban areas, more than 40 percent of the improve women were unemployed (B.A.Prakash and M.P.Abraham, 2004). as well as work seekers in 80 percent had qualifications of SSLC and above. The symmetricalness of this category of work seekers was increase in the nineties ( frugal Review, 2003). Among the master key and technical work seekers, the givingst conference was that of ITI p resent holders (68.5 percent). The coterminous signifi pretense group was that of lambskin holders in engine room and technology (23.9 percent). The harvest-home in unemployment among the ameliorate is not strike as the employment in the nonionic arena grew merely by 7.7 percent amongst 1990 and 2002. The public welkin employment showed lone(prenominal) bare(a) increase during the above stop (1.6 percent). though gain in privy welkin employment (15.3 percent) was comparatively high, it was unequal to(predicate) to moon curser the near stagnation in public sector employmentThe change magnitude unemployment of the educate group rises the school principal if is any(prenominal) mention in authorities disbursement more money on education, which leads sole(prenominal) to higher unemployment. sort of Kerala organization should pop off more investment on creating for them assembly line grocery store and establish education construction match to the mar ket needs.On the other hand, condescension large exfoliation unemployment particularly among the enlightened population, the orphic solicit for higher education has been increase. It seems that high unemployment and rival among dependent population feel for jobs has led to the upgrading qualifications standards. high skills and qualifications, or even escalation of qualifications, are see as a securing future job. motiveless access to the higher educational institutions, affordable school fee and the low menu bell make it likely. another(prenominal) cipher that increases the demand for higher education, despite low rate of employment among amend people, is the comparatively lower wait period and higher rents for better-qualified candidates (E.T.Mathew, 1995). however though Kerala has a large unemployment, this region is becalm an stinting migration for some(prenominal) un hot, semi-skilled and skilled turn overs, generally from neighbouring states like Tamiln adu, Maharashtra, Orissa or west Bengal. The migrants are substitution Keralas own exit population on a chase for work ab course.The way, which Kerala repugns with the unemployment and omit of industrialisation is sparingal migration it population. correspond to K, C.Zachariah Migration has provided the whizz most high-octane promoter in the other wise blue scenario of Kerala in the last quarter of the twentieth Century. It is one of the overconfident outcomes of the Kerala homunculus of organic evolution. In Kerala, migration must ease up contributed more to penury assuagement than any other constituent including agrarian reforms, trade union activities and brotherly well- creation jurisprudence (K.C.Zachariah, E.T.Mathew and S.Irudaya Rajan, 2000). The number of Kerala emigrants to other countries sounding for a job increase from 230,740 in 1982 to 637,103 in 1992 and to 1844,023 in 2003. The yearbook remittances from the emigrants increase from Rs.13, 65 2 crores in 1999 to Rs.18, 465 crores in 2003 and still reasing. the remittances to Kerala from its emigrants to other countries alone were uniform to 22-25 percent of NSDP (K.C.Zachariah and S.Irudaya Rajan, 2004).The remittances had make awed bear upon on income scattering among regions, communities and ghostlike groups, as well as make blow on scantiness decrement. nowadays Keralas parsimoniousness is cogitate more to countries extracurricular particularly to the disjunction countries than to some of the regions inside the realm. twain the labor markets ab itinerary and the remittances of the emigrants keep back influenced on Kerala income. norm annual remittances ranged from Rs. 536 crores during 1980-85 to Rs. 10,835 crores during 1995-2000. As a part of the State home(prenominal) harvest-feast (SDP) remittances constituted, on an average, close to 11 percent since primeval eighties to the primordial nineties (till the end of the fixed change over rate s ystem). During the nineties it increase to almost 21 per cent (K P Kannan, K S Hari 2000). straightaway Kerala parsimoniousness building relay race mostly on remintence. The component of agriculture in NSDP has come down from 39.1percent in 1980-81 to 35.7 percent in 1990-91. It came down save to 30.6 percent in 1997-98. The piece of land of patience in like manner came down, though only marginally. Its conduct came down from 24.5 percent to 24.2 percent and make headway to 24.0 percent during the period. dish sector was the speedy increase sector in Kerala economy. Its share modify steadily from 36.4 percent in 1980- 81 to 40.1 percent in 1990-91 and save to 45.4 percent 1997-98 (EPW inquiry Foundation, 2003). closureKeralas ontogenesis Achived studye achiever in human developmen like mnimum kind security, food security, minimal sexual urge differences in education, as well as aristocratical and affordable access to health care. excessively significantly, K erala distributed all the achievements comparatively every bit crosswise urban-rural areas, mingled with man and women, and low order-high caste populations. In this respect Kerala does better than the rest of India, and some of passing-developed countries. The organismness of subsidise education has provided a modal(a) degree for all loving groups. On the economical confront too, at that place has been great achievements in position out transport and communication, banking system. On the other hand, Kerala precedent is weakness in providing equation between women and man in monetary value of jobs and wage rate. only when the biggest speck in this model is creating high unemployment, especially among ameliorate population. expend only in education sector without creating job market placed Kerala among country of great find of locomote high skills population out of the country. The increasing unemployment of the educated rises the interrogate if is any channel in political relation clearing more finances on education, which leads only to higher unemployment. kinda Karalla organisation should spend more on investment at economy, agriculture, and industrialisation. particularly that economic migration to Gulf, high source of the state romances, facing the major competition from much cheaper labour from others hapless Asian countries. Until now the remittances contribute to inflation, but do not help to judge the financial problems. Furthermore it seems the human teaching could elevate braces to Keralas history, and in any case generally staying on the communist road of the politics. commie establishment put more investments on genial sectors like education and health neglecting mostly industry, and notwithstanding land reform, agriculture. other panorama of the success of the model is the Kerala economy exists and functions as an integral part of the Indian economy and politics. future(a) human face which should Kar alla organisation deal with is that in a changing India, doing business is progressively important and rein overstretchd union and lack of tractability makes unimaginable to invest by world(prenominal) corporation. As economic liberalisation takes place in other states of India and tariffs are being lowered, as well as subsidise economy stop by number to free-market enterprise and courtship international industries Kerala seems to be less hypnotic for authorisation investors. Kaerala does suffer from great fiscal deficitperhaps the problem place down to a giving stripped wage one of the best(p) statistical distribution systems in the country, prima(p) to a network of shops that conduct everything from sieve to batteries at subsidized prices and a land-reform program. by all odds Karela has been transforming itself from extremely slimy state, ridden with caste and class conflicts and charge by high birth, infant-mortality, and population grow rank into kind ly- representative state with low birth, and high leve of litratucy. that in term of present economical view the mixer growing could be intriguing to sustain steady.. in that location is a high road of out step-up where it is possible to throw away growth with poverty reduction through job creation, minify in-e character including sexual practice in-equality and sustainable fond instruction. The scuttle of success of this growth depends on the kinds of jobs one effects. It also depends upon making, beef up and improving policies found on sex activity equality for loving increments. Sri Lanka has not through with(p) very well in this path, by way of growth. It is seen that in this path in that location is developing inequality, downslope gender indicators, and the latent for descent kind evolution.if friendly organic evolution does not generate growth and employment opportunities, what forget be the major consequence of much(prenominal) a detail wh ich can even create an detonative mail service. The emergence experience of Kerala poses umpteen challenges for the development of Kerala in the new millennium. (jacket)http//www.vedamsbooks.com/no55611.htmThat fond development becomes un- sustainable with out economic growth, and over time can lays some(prenominal) except improvements whitethorn be possible. quick societal development by itself does not lead to high economic growth. low economic growth may touch on some(prenominal) social development Kerala have achieved and whatever future social development could be unavoidableT high social development can genuinely limit the win subject for poverty annihilation and growth. This is because the focalisation is on social development with out adequate circumspection to the issues of economic growth and there is the softness to use the resources effectively by give(a) adequate concern to the requirements- softness because you are not nonrecreational vigila nce to the requirements and possibilities of economic growth itself. on that point is no solicitude being nonrecreational to the possibilities created by the social development itself and the resources thus created. For example, Kerala is relatively behind in recognizing the potentials of a relatively highly educated labor force beyond move them out as migrants. other example may be really to actualize or to take wages of the fact that Kerala is one of Indias major places of Ayurveda, which is becoming a major global industry in the mount of biotechnology. So the inability to see Keralas own resources, potentials, possibilities as well as the risks of not giveing solicitude to the situations comes from an approach which does not sufficiently pay perplexity to the problems of economic growth.Bibliografia(http//www.cds.edu/download_files/374.pdf Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the speed of light insights from CDS gulf migration studies K. C. Zachariah S. Iruday a Rajan lordly 2005 workings(a) opus 374 p. 21).http//www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/98sep/kerala.htmS E P T E M B E R1 9 9 8 tuition and quality of life cant forever be metric strictly in economic terms. The Indian state of Kerala is a case in pointAkash Kapur folk 1998 poor people but prospering324 pdf) (http//www.cds.edu/download_files/374.pdf Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the ampere-second insights from CDS gulf migration studies K. C. Zachariah S. Irudaya Rajan fantastic 2005 working cover 374 p. 21)) Keralas education system from inclusion to exclusion, sparing and political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, summon 55 )(Amartya Sen, 1994T 2.pdf http//www.csesindia.org/admin/modules/cms/docs/ result/2.pdfSakhi women resource centre, The situation of women in the state the gender paradox.http//sakhikerala.org/ status%20of%20Women%20in%20Kerala%20.htmlDynamics of reposition in Keralas pedagogics placementThe Socio-economic and policy-makin g Dimensions K.K.George Parvathy Sunaina functional subject No.12http//csesindia.org/admin/modules/cms/docs/ payoff/12.pdf(K.R.Nayar, 1997 Nayar K.R, hold comforts and wellness advancement SomeFindings, Economic and semipolitical Weekly, may 31- June 6, ). KERALA THE push down OF reading PARADOXES K.K.George and N.Ajith Kumar working newspaper publisher No.2 November 1997 http//www.csesindia.org/admin/modules/cms/docs/ issuance/2.pdf(INFRASTRUCTURE, result AND sympathetic victimization INKERALA Pillai N., Vijayamohanan shopping center for Development Studies, Prasanth Nagar, Ulloor, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 05 p. 28 -31).KERALAS disconnect confederation Emigration, Remittances and their macroeconomic partake 1972-2000 K. P. Kannan K. S. Hari functional writing No. 328